Gwen Harwood Essay

Gwen Harwood’s poetry is steeped in Romantic traditions and is underpinned by humanist concerns. My personal interpretation is that Harwood’s poetry engages readers through its poetic treatment of loss and consolation as well as its exploration of universal themes about human existence and the processes of life. Harwood’s poetry validates the consoling influence of childhood experiences upon adult development evident in ‘At Mornington’ which explores one sense of loss and consolidation experienced in the cycle of life from birth to death. Harwood explores one transitory nature of life in her lyrical poem ‘The Violets’, revealing the way in which memory can illustrate past experiences that will resonate in the present offering consolation. Furthermore Harwood’s poetry is characterised by an over-arching existential quest for meaning and consolation as experienced through her exploration of love in ‘A Valediction.’ Whilst the notion that Harwood’s poetry engages readers through its poetic treatment of loss and consolation resonates with my own interpretation of her poems, readers are also engaged through Harwood’s exploration of universal truisms. A contemplation of human existence and one way in which one cycle of life is characterised by loss and consolation as a pervading theme throughout Harwood’s poetry. In ‘At Mornington’ past, present and future experiences are united through the poems fragmented structure and poetic treatment experiences of loss of naivety and consolation in order to encapsulate the cycle of life characteristic of one human experience. Furthermore, Harwood uses biblical allusions â€Å"secure in my father’s arms† to convey the universality of human existence, engaging the reader. The poem begins in the persona’s past with her childhood innocence and naivety, which is conveyed in her belief in her own invincibility. â€Å"I remember believing as a child I could walk on water.† Harwood’s use of biblical imagery evokes the idea of  Jesus walking on water and the consoling effect this had on the speaker’s childhood self, to represent her naà ¯ve, childish outlook. This water imagery becomes a sustained motif. The speaker draws on the image of the â€Å"flood† on which â€Å"memories of early childhood are born† through a contemplative tone of spiritual replenishment as she â€Å"stands among avenues of the dead,† engaging the reader through the poetic treatment of both loss and consolation. In accordance with the Romantic tradition, the speaker acknowledges the restorative capabilities of the natural elements conveyed in the image of a â€Å"pitcher of water† which becomes a metaphor for replenishment and revitalisation. As the poem shifts to the present tense, the reader is further engaged as the persona finds herself in a graveyard and coming to terms with the death and loss of a loved one. The persona comes to a peaceful acceptance of life’s transience and her own mortality as she acknowledges the inevitable passage of time â€Å"that brings us to that time of our lives where our bones wear us† offering her a sense of consolation. The poem concludes with a projection into the future, with the existential tone â€Å"no hand will save me† evoking the realisation that death and loss is one inevitable end of the cycle. Harwood’s poem ‘At Mornington’ engages readers through its poetic treatment of loss and consolation and the way in which these themes recur throughout the cycle of life. Harwood’s poems elucidate themes of memory and recollection, highlighting the way these transcend time, death and loss and eventually offer consolation. In one nostalgic poem ‘The Violets’ the speaker revisits a seminal childhood experience that affirms adult perspectives and engages the reader by identifying the importance of memories of filial love in sustaining the adult self, providing consolation. The child’s naà ¯ve question â€Å"Where has morning gone?† emphasises the power of dreams to distort time and evokes the speaker’s sense of loss. The child’s loss is countered by the memory of her parents’ unconditional love. The use of enjambment creates a sense of continuity as the violets transport the speaker back to a time when she was lovingly comforted, thus continually engaging the reader. The maternal image of the mother who â€Å"dried my tearful face† and the visual image of â€Å"stroking, golden brown hair† conveys the tenderness of this memory. Through the  recurring motif of the â€Å"violets in our loamy bed† Harwood shifts between past and present experiences of loss and consolation. Literary critic Elizabeth Lawson suggests â€Å"identifying its ability to control moment s in time by transforming consciousness of the present.’ The speaker realises that although memories are â€Å"ambiguous† and time can be â€Å"stolen†, ultimately, as is portrayed in the personification â€Å"Years cannot move the lamplit presences† of her childhood. The poem concludes with a final natural image of â€Å"the faint scent of violets drifts in the air† conveying the persona’s awareness that the memories of her parents’ love transcends the power of death. In ‘The Violets’ Harwood’s poetic treatment of loss and consolation through the motif of the violets engages the reader on an emotional level. The theme of love and its permanent, passionate nature resonates within Harwood’s poetry, engaging readers through its poetic treatment of the experiences of loss and consolation associated with love. Similar to ‘At Mornington’ which expresses one cycle of life and the acceptance of its inevitable processes, ‘A Valediction’ expresses the journey of maturation through reflection that leads the speaker from adolescent sentimentality to an appreciation of the enduring nature of love. The intertextual reference to John Donne in the poems title foreshadows the exploration and poetic treatment of the experience parting from a loved one and the emotional repercussions of this loss. The persona’s adolescent sentimentality is evoked through her ritual of seeking solace in her anthology of Donne’s poetry. The memories of her youth are metaphorically â€Å"inked in with aches from adolescence.† Harwood explores the nature of love in her representation of two significant female figures and it is from their contrasting reactions to their experiences of love that informs the persona’s more mature perception of love and loss. One the one hand, Harwood gives representation Salome, whose indifference to the grand passion of love is conveyed in the flippant tone of her comment â€Å"whether I kissed Nietzche on Monte Sacro I find I do not now remember.† On the other hand, Harwood depicts Saint Therese, a nun who dedicated her life to selfless love as conveyed in the sentimental tone of her comment â€Å"when I love it is forever.† Harwood’s juxtaposition of these women’s perspectives on love highlights the folly of both ideals and consolidates the persona’s understanding that it is  rationalism and moderation that offer the most valued appreciation of love. The persona’s direct address â€Å"dear ladies shall we meet half way between sanctity and liberation?† conveys her awareness that there should be a balance between disinterest oversentimentality. The poem concludes with an idyllic scene that encapsulates the persona’s sense of contentment and maturity beyond her emotional angst. â€Å"let me walk at sunset in the pasture feeding my geese† engages the reader through the poetic treatment of loss and consolation as it is associated with the theme of love. Modernist poet Gwen Harwood adheres to the literary conventions of the Romantics in her anthology of poems, employing poetical devices and form to give expression to the themes of loss and consolation as well as other timeless themes. Harwood continues to engage readers through her exploration of universal themes of human existence evident in ‘At Mornington’, ‘The Violets’ and ‘A Valediction.’

A Guide to Classical Management Theory Essay

The classical management theory is a school of management thought in which theorists delved into how to find the best possible way for workers to perform their tasks. The classical management theory is divided into two branches, the classical scientific and the classical administrative. The classical scientific branch comes from the scientific mindset of attempting to increase productivity. During the height of the classical scientific theory, theorists would use almost mechanical methods towards labor and organization to achieve goals of productivity and efficiency. Some of the basic techniques of the classical scientific theory include creating standardized methods for a task and dividing work between employees equally. On the other hand, the classical administrative theory focuses on how management can be organized to achieve productivity. Henri Fayol, a leading figure in management theory, devised several management theories geared towards efficiency, such as creating a unified direction among managers, centralization, and discipline. Other management theories focused on building team confidence, such as establishing teamwork, using initiative, and equity. Strengths of Classical Management Theory Current management organization and structure can find much of its roots from the classical management theory. One of the main advantages of the classical management theory was to devise a methodology for how management should operate. Management principles devised during this period can be seen as a foundation for current management behavior today, such as serving as a force of authority and responsibility. In addition, another benefit of the classical management theory is the focus on division of labor. By dividing labor, tasks could be completed more quickly and efficiently, thus allowing productivity to increase. Division of labor can be seen in many applications today, ranging from fast food restaurants to large production facilities. In addition, the classical management theory also gave rise to an autocratic leadership style, allowing employees to take direction and command from their managers. Flaws of Classical Management Theory The main weakness of the classical management theory arose from its tough, rigid structure. One of the main principles of the classical management theory is to increase productivity and efficiency; however, achieving these goals often came at the expense of creativity and human relations. Oftentimes, employers and theorists would focus on scientific, almost mechanical ways of increasing productivity. For example, managers would use assembly line methods and project management theories that focused on efficient division of tasks. However, employers ignored the relational aspect in employees, in the process of trying to predict and control human behavior. In fact, the human relations movement arose in response to the classical management theory, as a way to understand the role of human motivation in productivity. Additional flaws of the classical management theory include a heavy reliance on prior experience. The theorists of this time only tested their assumptions with certain industries, such as manufacturing and other high production companies. However, in today’s environment, the rigid structure of classical management theory would not translate well in most companies. Many businesses realize the importance of improving employee motivation and behavior, and implement departments devoted solely to improving human relations. Advantages and Benefits of the Classical Management Theory by Julianne Russ, Demand Media Classical management theory was introduced in the late 19th century. It became widespread in the first half of the 20th century, as organizations tried to address issues of industrial management, including specialization, efficiency, higher quality, cost reduction and management-worker relationships. While other management theories have evolved since then, classical management approaches are still used today by many small-business owners to build their companies and to succeed. Ads by Google Study in Australia Diploma Courses in TCWA, Perth. Business & Management. Apply Now tcwa.net.au Hierarchical Structure One of the advantages of the classical management structure is a clear organizational hierarchy with three distinct management levels. Each management group has its own objectives and responsibilities. The top management is usually the board of directors or the chief executives who are responsible for the long-term goals of the organization. Middle management oversees the supervisors, setting department goals according to the approved budget. At the lowest level are the supervisors who oversee day-to-day activities, address employee issues and provide employee training. The levels of leadership and responsibilities are clear and well defined. While the three-level structure may not be suitable for all small businesses, it can benefit those that are expanding. Division of Labor One of the advantages of classical management approach is the division of labor. Projects are broken down into smaller tasks that are easy to complete. Employees’ responsibilities and expectations are clearly defined. This approach allows workers to narrow their field of expertise and to specialize in one area. The division of labor approach leads to increased productivity and higher efficiency, as workers are not expected to multitask. Small-businesses owners can benefit from taking this approach if they are looking to increase production with minimal expense. Monetary Incentive According to classical management theory, employees should be motivated by monetary rewards. In other words, they will work harder and become more productive if they have an incentive to look forward to. This gives management easier control over the workforce. Employees feel appreciated when being rewarded for hard work. A small-business owner can take this approach to motivate the employees to achieve production goals. Autocratic Leadership The autocratic leadership approach is the central part of classical management theory. It states that an organization should have a single leader to make decisions, to organize and direct the employees. All decisions are made at the top level and communicated down. The autocratic leadership approach is beneficial in instances when small-business decisions need to be made quickly by a leader, without having to consult with a large group of people, such a board of directors. Small businesses, especially sole proprietorships, can have an advantage in taking this approach, as they need a strong leader to grow. Sponsored Links Classical Management Theory Early Management Theories Early Theories of Organizations emerged mainly for military and Catholic Church. The metaphor of the machine was dominant, where organizations are viewed as machines. Therefore, the organizational application was, since workers behave predictably (as machines do rarely deviate from the norm), management knows what to expect, and workers operating outside expectations are replaced. Classical Management Theories There are three well-established theories of classical management: Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, Fayol?s Administrative Theory, Weber?s Theory of Bureaucracy. Although these schools, or theories, developed historical sequence, later ideas have not replaced earlier ones. Instead, each new school has tended to complement or coexist with previous ones. Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, U.S.Aï â‚¬ Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) ?The Father of Scientific Management?. Scientific Management theory arose from the need to increase productivity in the U.S.A. especially, where skilled labor was in short supply at the beginning of the twentieth century. The only way to expand productivity was to raise the efficiency of workers. Taylor devised four principles for scientific management theory, which were: 1. The development of a true science of management, 2. The scientific selection and training of workers, 3. Proper remuneration for fast and high-quality work 1. Small Business > 2. Managing Employees > 3. Managers Advantages and Benefits of the Classical Management Theory by Julianne Russ, Demand Media Classical management theory was introduced in the late 19th century. It became widespread in the first half of the 20th century, as organizations tried to address issues of industrial management, including specialization, efficiency, higher quality, cost reduction and management-worker relationships. While other management theories have evolved since then, classical management approaches are still used today by many small-business owners to build their companies and to succeed. Ads by Google Racing Boats Suppliers Find Quality Products from Verified Suppliers. Get a Live Quote Now! www.Alibaba.com Hierarchical Structure One of the advantages of the classical management structure is a clear organizational hierarchy with three distinct management levels. Each management group has its own objectives and responsibilities. The top management is usually the board of directors or the chief executives who are responsible for the long-term goals of the organization. Middle management oversees the supervisors, setting department goals according to the approved budget. At the lowest level are the supervisors who oversee day-to-day activities, address employee issues and provide employee training. The levels of leadership and responsibilities are clear and well defined. While the three-level structure may not be suitable for all small businesses, it can benefit those that are expanding. Division of Labor One of the advantages of classical management approach is the division of labor. Projects are broken down into smaller tasks that are easy to complete. Employees’ responsibilities and expectations are clearly defined. This approach allows workers to narrow their field of expertise and to specialize in one area. The division of labor approach leads to increased productivity and higher efficiency, as workers are not expected to multitask. Small-businesses owners can benefit from taking this approach if they are looking to increase production with minimal expense. Monetary Incentive According to classical management theory, employees should be motivated by monetary rewards. In other words, they will work harder and become more productive if they have an incentive to look forward to. This gives management easier control over the workforce. Employees feel appreciated when being rewarded for hard work. A small-business owner can take this approach to motivate the employees to achieve production goals. Autocratic Leadership The autocratic leadership approach is the central part of classical management theory. It states that an organization should have a single leader to make decisions, to organize and direct the employees. All decisions are made at the top level and communicated down. The autocratic leadership approach is beneficial in instances when small-business decisions need to be made quickly by a leader, without having to consult with a large group of people, such a board of directors. Small businesses, especially sole proprietorships, can have an advantage in taking this approach, as they need a strong leader to grow. Sponsored Links

Compare contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare contrast - Essay Example The story entails issues that we have been struggling to achieve in life, where everyone is equal, and people are intelligent and so the author felt it would be creative to put it in a real picture of just how things might be if we were all equal and intelligent. Through the film, the reality of how people are ruled, by the mighty in the society, comes out clearly than in the story. The people are forced to wear handicap gadgets that control their thoughts, and their reaction to circumstances (Vonnegut). Harrison Bergeon is a story that talks about a man called Harrison Bergeon who lived in the future. In this future everyone was equal in every way. Even, though, people were equal, despite this, some things were still not right. For example, people were handicapped. George was over intelligent as the narrator says, â€Å"†¦his intelligence was way above normal. His wife, on the other hand, was of average intelligence and could not remember things for lone. The narrator says, â€Å"†¦she could not think about anything except in short bursts.† Their son was taken away from them when he was 14, and the government claimed that he planned to overthrow the government. This was by a reporter who said, â€Å"†¦where he was held on suspicion of plotting to overthrow the government. Harrison Managed to escape from prison, â€Å"Harrison Bergeon†¦has just escaped from the prison† this was announcement made by the announcer (Vonnegut). From the story, it appears that people are not free to do what they want. For example, they are forced to wear the handicap gadgets that the government uses to control their thoughts. The narrator says, â€Å"†¦and told them that they had ten seconds to wear their handicaps.† The people had no freedom of choice. At the end, we see Harrison trying to gain their freedom by breaking into the studio and ordering people to do as he says. He says, ‘I am the emperor †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.everyone must do what I say at once†. At

Transfer pricing case Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transfer pricing case - Coursework Example The company’s management decided to expand its product line and consequently many new and innovative products were developed. As a result a broad array of cell phone products developed among which the Energy Saving System or ESS was most significant. The company’s growth enabled it to reach the broader markets including international markets and diversification. In 2003, the company’s management decided to diversify internationally into Asia-Pacific markets which were expected to experience the highest growth retain cell phone usage in near future. The management team at Prime Co. decided to discuss the possibility of expanding into international markets. They decided to enter the Asian-Pacific market as it was expected to experience the highest growth in cell phone usage in near future. Some of the strategies that were being considered by the Prime Co’s management team include exporting, licensing, contract manufacturing, strategic alliances, or starting a wholly owned subsidiary. Exports mean to transfer goods and services outside domestic borders. Exports can be favorable when the domestic market’s demand has stabilized and there is huge demand in the developing countries for the target products. The benefits of exports can be reduced by the foreign government by introducing trade and tariffs which act as barrier for importing foreign goods in developing countries. The foreign governments generally adapt such policy to protect the domestic markets from foreign competition. In these kinds of situations the company does not have direct control. Licensing is the granting of permission by licensor to the licensee as an authorization for carrying out activities by the licensee and also use the licensed material of licensor. The biggest advantage of licensing is that it involves less cost of investment on R&D with limited financial risk. So, if the product fails in foreign country

Criminal justice Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Criminal justice - Thesis Example This analyzes the effectiveness and the accountability of a program, and whether it works or not. The following essay will discuss the elements of Municipal Police training program and how it can be evaluated. The program is offered in very many criminal justice institutions and it provides skills in enforcing law in townships, municipalities and cities. The course, which requires around 700 hours to be completed, is quite extensive but has certain modules that are common in all institutions. Recruits start by undertaking legal studies and social sciences, and their relation to the current social, ethical and political affairs. This is followed by a period of technical and physical training under a specialist which ends with an evaluation report about each recruit. The recruits are then upgraded with skills in their line of work like human relations, crisis management, operation of motor vehicles and firearms, among others (Criminal Justice Training Center, 2007-2013). The program requires that the prospective students be physically and psychologically fit. These are proved through a health examination. The applicants should also have a clean criminal background. There are a number of evaluation models and approaches that can be used to analyze the effects of this program. Some of the variables that can be put under consideration is the manner in which the police carry out their daily activities, how they manage crisis, how they handle law breakers and their readiness and preparedness to acts of crime and violence. Behavioral approach is one of them, and this focuses on the objectives, whether they have been achieved or not. The main objectives of the program, as stated earlier are to develop professional skills in handling issues concerning crime and justice. This evaluation can be done by observing the changes in the behavior of the recruits during training, and after training. This information can be obtained from the reports written by the

What duties, if any, do we have to non-human animals Essay

What duties, if any, do we have to non-human animals - Essay Example ’1 In examining theories by Singer, McMahan, Warnock, Spira and Benson regarding the eating of non-human animals, consideration will also be given to the impact this may have on moral arguments regarding ‘duty’ in vivisection, and industries such as cosmetics, detergents and pharmaceuticals. Peter Singer believes chimpanzees and apes, should be granted ‘the right to life, to liberty and to protection from torture,’2 because they have autonomy like humans. Singer’s term ‘speciesists’ is used for people who ‘regard human beings as intrinsically more valuable than members of other species.’3 Singer purports to believe in equality between species, but Benson argues this is false ‘because of the relationships with other individuals which are inseparable from belonging to the same species.’4 Singer contradictiously suggests that chimps and apes have a greater level of consiousness, compared to other non-human an imals. In an article and the book Ethics into Action, Singer discusses Henry Spira who campaigned to reduce animal suffering related to the Draize and LD50 tests. Spira’s advertising campaign was criticized for using a Beagle to gain an emotive response; it was suggested if a rodent appeared in the advert people would not have been so outraged. Spira pointed to the importance of ‘not how popular is an animal, but can it tell the difference between pain and pleasure?’5 Singer discusses Kant’s work and states that we ‘find moral worth only when duty is done for duty’s sake.’6 What is meant by this relates to the advertising, in that if people do their duty out of sympathy or shame, they wouldn’t be doing their duty for the sake of believing and feeling it to be true. Gary L. Francione criticises Peter Singer’s work, suggesting that whilst it contains an element of reform for animal-welfare, it ‘makes people feel better about animal uses, but does not actually achieve its proper aim of protecting animals.’7 Francione argues for full abolition of animal use, claiming that because animals are sentient beings this should enable them to have full moral and legal rights. Professor of Philosophy, Jeff McMahan, discusses animals raised in good conditions, then killed humanely, for human consumption and terms this ‘benign carnivorism.’8 McMahan states the main premise of benign carnivorism’s moral philosophical argument, is that it’s preferable animals live in a contented manner, with no suffering (up until their humane death), than to not have existed at all. Mary Warnock claims animals ‘should be used for the sake of human society,’9 she lists activities such as horse riding; sledging; the food and clothing they provide. This argument is favourable to those wishing to consume meat, though McMahan points out the illogical flaw that: ‘there are no indiv iduals who never exist.’10 A comparative sense of ‘well-being’ is made between non-human animals and humans. Whilst non-human animals can appear to show emotion; other aspects of human life such as success, artistic endeavours, wisdom, meaningful connections to others, the ability to think rationally and appreciation of beauty aren’t always as easy to perceive in non-human animals. McMahan suggests that non-human animals lack a self-awareness for the future, claiming that they ‘do not†¦have desires or intentions or ambitions†¦that would be frustrated by death,’11 thus making it easier to justify killing them. McMahan’s argument makes interesting comparison to humans but his key premise throughout is that animals do not have the same rights as humans they have lesser rights; humans constantly place a higher value on human life. If non-human animals were seen to have a

Trans-pacific Partnership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trans-pacific Partnership - Research Paper Example Initially, the Trans-Pacific Partnership was known as Pacific Three Closure Economic Partnership (P3-CEP). The negotiations related to this agreement began in 2002 in one of the meetings attended by the leaders of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). This meeting of the APEC body took place in Lao Cabos, Mexico, and some of the prominent leaders who participated in this meeting were Ricardo Lagos, the President of Chile; Goh Chok Tong, the Prime Minister of Singapore; and Helen Clark, the Prime Minister of New Zealand. The trade bloc was renamed to Pacific-4 (P4) in 2005 when Brunei was included as a full negotiating party. As a matter of fact, all the negotiating and original parties were APEC members, but TPP was not an initiative taken up by the APEC body. They original TPP agreement was signed on 3 June 2005 by Chile, Brunei, Singapore and New Zealand and was enacted on 28 May 2006. TPP is considered to be a comprehensive free trade agreement between the negotiating part ies which have an impact on goods traded worldwide, the trade remedies, rules of origin, sanitary measures, various types of technical barriers experienced in trade, services trading, trade in intellectual property, competition policy and government procurement. One of the most important clauses in this trade agreement is the proposed elimination of trade tariffs between the member countries by the end of 2005 (â€Å"Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement†). Negotiations are being carried out by several other nations.... TPP is considered to be a comprehensive free trade agreement between the negotiating parties which have an impact on goods traded worldwide, the trade remedies, rules of origin, sanitary measures, various types of technical barriers experienced in trade, services trading, trade in intellectual property, competition policy and government procurement. One of the most important clauses in this trade agreement is the proposed elimination of trade tariffs between the member countries by the end of 2005 (â€Å"Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement†). Negotiations are being carried out by several other nations of the world like Australia, Peru, Malaysia, Vietnam, Mexico, Japan, Canada, and United States to become a member of the group (â€Å"Additional Strides Made at Tenth Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Round†). It was decided at the 2010 APEC Summit that the negotiations would be settled down by the end of next APEC Summit in 2011 wherein a proposal by Bara ck Obama, the President of United States, was endorsed by the corresponding leaders of nine different negotiating countries. However, the negotiations have not ended yet and are still continuing. It has been decided that the 15th round of TPP negotiations would be held in December 2012 it Auckland, New Zealand (â€Å"Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): 15th Round of TPP Negotiations Set for Auckland, New Zealand -- December 3-12, 2012†). Key Features TPP agreement has been considered to be a landmark agreement between several nations of the world with the objectives of promoting economic development, growth, and innovation; supporting retention and creation of new jobs; and enhancing investment and trade amongst the partner countries of TPP. Some of the key features of TPP

Gender and Aging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gender and Aging - Essay Example For instance, Ms. Beatrice engages in volunteering work in order to find time to share with her daughter and grandchildren (Anno. 2014). This helps her to feel better because of the company and the chance to interact with others. The aging services can help widows like Ms. Beatrice Newman cope with such challenges and age successfully by providing social occasions where they can interact with others. This is essential since it will make them feel appreciated and forget about their problems back at home. It would also be appropriate to encourage them to participate in volunteering activities where they can keep busy and socialize with other members of the society (Anno. 2014). This arises because the main challenge to them is loneliness and loss of touch of the family members. As a result, aging services can support caregivers by providing suitable facilities and conditions for taking care of the

Case Study (Skill Analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Study (Skill Analysis) - Essay Example Sophie Smith is a 44-year-old female who is two days post-operative, following an appendectomy. Sophie works as a real estate agent, weighs 46kgs and 168cm tall. Sophie has a story of rheumatoid arthritis and takes 10mg of prednisone daily and also has an allergy to penicillin. While changing her dressing you notice a thick yellow discharge oozing from the wound. Wound management following an appendectomy is essential for the complete recovery of Sophie. A comprehensive assessment of the present state of the wound is necessary as well as the stage of healing. Thus, it is important to obtain information from the client about factors that may affect wound healing. Consent is necessary so that nursing procedures can be carried out and prioritized according to the patient’s needs. The nurse’s role in wound management is critical not only to wound management but to maintenance of aseptic technique while doing nursing care. Identify and discuss the importance of obtaining inf ormation during a nursing admission in relation to post-operative assessment.The process of obtaining and communicating information during a nursing admission also refers to the nursing assessment and these can be obtained from the client, significant others, health team members, and client’s medical records (Funnell, Koutoukidis& Lawrence, 2009, p. 229). Obtaining information during a nursing admission is important in identifying areas needing nursing interventions. Obtained information may either be subjective or objective and includes nursing history, physical examination and observation, and laboratory and diagnostic tests. Applying Sophie’s case, obtaining information during a nursing admission requires explanation of the purpose and rationale for gathering information. Sophie must also be put in a quiet and private place for ease of patient during personal information gathering. Information such as medical diagnosis, previous admission to the hospital, clientâ₠¬â„¢s perception of condition, allergies, social data, activities of daily living, habits, and use of prosthesis are necessary because obtaining these information during a nursing admission will adjust the plan of care related to post-operative treatment. For instance, Sophie has a history of rheumatoid arthritis, takes 10mg of prednisone daily and has allergy to penicillin.These information has relevance to post-operative treatment as rheumatoid arthritis impairs healing, can cause deformities, and increase pressure on the soft tissues leading to increased risk of skin breakdown. Prednisone is a corticosteroid which also delayed healing by interrupting cellular division (Guo and DiPietro, 2010, p. 219). Sophie has allergy to penicillin and its significance include not giving Sophie penicillin to avoid allergic reactions and tests other antibiotics that will not produce allergic response because antibiotics are essential for wound healing and combatting infection. Identify and discu ss the nurse's role in consent procedures for patients undergoing a procedure involving general anesthesia.Surgical and invasive procedures involving administration of general anesthesia requires written consent. Nurses play a major role during consent procedures. Nurses provide the needed information of the individual and make sure that it is well-understood prior to administration of

Argument Analysis of the Issue of Euthanasia Essay Example for Free

Argument Analysis of the Issue of Euthanasia Essay 1.If a right creates a net benefit to society and is not morally incorrect, then it should be made legal. (IM; Oracle: Common Knowledge) 2.Voluntary euthanasia refers to a doctors right to kill a terminally ill patient to his/her request. (IM; Oracle: definition from www.euthanasia.com) 3.If voluntary euthanasia is not a moral transgression and euthanasia creates a net benefit on society, then present legal prohibitions against voluntary euthanasia ought to be lifted. (LI from 1,2) 4.It is considered a moral duty to kill a pet that is suffering due to incurable illness. (IM; Oracle: Common Knowledge) 5.If it is a moral duty to relieve a suffering pet with incurable illness from its suffering by killing it, performing euthanasia on willing humans that are terminally ill cannot be a moral transgression. (IM; Oracle: tacit knowledge) 6.Performing euthanasia on willing humans that are terminally ill is not a moral transgression. (LI from 4,5) 7.Terminally ill patients use scarce medical resources. (IM; Oracle: Common Knowledge) 8.Euthanasia would increase the number of terminally ill patients that would willingly die. (IM; Oracle: Common Knowledge) 9.Patients stop using medical resources once they die. (IM; Oracle: Common Knowledge) 10.Euthanasia would create an increase in scarce medical resources not used by terminally ill patients. (LI from 7,8,9) 11.Other patients will use the scarce medical resources that are not being used by terminally ill patients. (IM; Oracle: Tacit Knowledge) 12.Euthanasia would thus create an increase in scarce medical resources that will be used by patients that are not terminally ill. (LI from 10,11) 13.Patients that are not terminally ill benefit from medical resources more than terminally ill patients. (IM; Oracle: Common Knowledge) 14.Scarce resources cause the largest benefit to society when used by those people that can benefit most from them. (IM; Oracle: Mankiw, Principles of Microeconomics) 15.Euthanasia would create a net benefit to society because of its allocation of scarce medical resources. (LI from 12,13,14) 16.Present legal prohibitions against voluntary euthanasia ought to be lifted. (UC and LI from 3,6,15) Argument Evaluation of Original Argument Euthanasia is sure to become an issue of increasing importance as our population ages and the leading  causes of death become long term debilitating illness rather than accidents or infectious disease. Too often the debate is clouded by emotion and irrational thought. However, turning ones attention to the following points may serve to clarify the situation. The first few sentences in the speakers argument serve as an introduction to the topic. The first to statements establish the importance of the issue. While these two sentences are no directly part of the argument, the speaker has already made an error. The speaker states that the leading  causes of death become long term debilitating illness rather than accidents  or infectious disease, however the leading cause of death is already a long term debilitating illness (namely cardiovascular disease). This of course suggests that the speaker has unreliable information and will make his/her argument less trustworthy. The remaining to sentences serve to exclude any irrational topics from being introduced into the argument criticism. This is a very wise move strategically since it is indeed true that many times this subject is clouded by speak of God and prejudice against elderly. While the speaker attempts to avoid discussing such issues, he/she does mention morality. We consider it a duty, not a moral transgression, to end the life of a suffering pet. Why do we balk at providing the same service to willing humans? The speaker tries to establish that moral transgression is not in question so that it is not brought up in an argument criticism. A pet cannot request euthanasia. A pets owner will have the pet killed if the pet has an incurable illness which will cause unbearable suffering. Humans on the other hand can request euthanasia. If they cannot request euthanasia their surrogate can. Thus we must speak of voluntary euthanasia when concerning humans. The speaker is making a link between the morality of performing euthanasia on pets and the morality of performing euthanasia on humans. This link, represented in statement 3, is an opinion about what is moral and thus cannot be verified with a strong source. Nonetheless, it is a valid stance on morality and the speaker chose to use this link in his/her argument Is it not crueler to condemn these individuals to weeks, perhaps even months, of suffering? I did not include this statement in my argument reconstruction since I believe it is very weak and is a point that will be criticized greatly. No patient is being condemned to suffering. I will return to this subject in my own argument Besides, it is a greater injustice to squander precious medical resources on  the terminally ill when so many others, particularly infants, could benefit from them instead; and frequently this is the only alternative to euthanasia. This argument is actually quite weak. Rarely are medical treatments rival. One persons use of a treatment usually does not affect the use of others. In the case where the medical resources are indeed rival, (eg. organs etc) the speaker himself/herself says that frequently the younger patients or those that will benefit most from the treatment are given the scarce medical resources. The argument about scarce medical resources can be used, however the speaker should not mention: frequently this is the only alternative to euthanasia. When these points are considered, it becomes clear that the present legal prohibitions against euthanasia ought to be lifted. This statement is the speakers ultimate conclusion. It is not necessary to reestablish the validity of the argument with the statement it becomes clear that. Furthermore, the preposition when these points are considered should be excluded from the sentence as it allows us to suspect that there are other points that should be considered. In terms of strategic excellence, the argument should only contain information relevant to the inquirers inquiry. No information that does not aid in reaching the ultimate conclusion should be present unless absolutely necessary. Lastly, there are many kinds of euthanasia. The speaker must specify that he/she is considering one specific meaning. Voluntary euthanasia refers to the killing of a patient that gives consent to be killed. There are problems with determining what is really voluntary. We must assume that the patient is capable of requesting euthanasia. Otherwise, the patients surrogate must request euthanasia. The doctor cannot decide alone that a patient should be killed. Many times however (according to statistics from Holland where euthanasia is currently legal) a doctor may take his/her own initiative and then lie about the cause of the patients death, attributing death to natural causes. For the purposes of argument, let us assume that voluntary euthanasia will be practiced correctly and assess whether the prohibitions against voluntary euthanasia ought to be lifted. General Evaluation: As is evident from my argument reconstruction, the inquirers written argument lacks many links. Most importantly the inquirer fails to establish that his/her conclusion is based on a conjunction of two different claims (actually three, but I excluded the claim that patients are being condemned to suffering for informative correctness purposes). It is extremely important to establish what statements the conclusion is based on. Another major error is the use of wrong information. While the wrong information is not necessary for the establishment of the inquirers conclusion, the inquirer still suggests unreliability with his first two introductory statements. Furthermore, the inquirer included the claim that patients are being condemned to suffering. I excluded this statement completely as it is incorrect. I will discuss this subject in my own argument. Lastly, the argument is not set up in an organized manner. The lines of thought are not linear. Rather, the inquirer proceeds in multiple directions failing to relate his conclusion to each point put forth. The inquirer states that his conclusion is clear even though he/she actual failed to show the relation between the left side moves and the conclusion by not establishing that the conclusion is based on a conjunction of two different claims. The inquirer is usually definitorily correct. Occasionally, he/she makes errors. For example, the inquirer fails to define what is meant by euthanasia. It is a simple matter of vocabulary, yet the intended definition of the word can change the argument in many ways. There are many criticisms of euthanasia related to involuntary euthanasia. The inquirer should avoid these by specifying he/she is considering only voluntary euthanasia. The inquirer portrays some wise strategic moves in his/her first few statements. The inquirer first establishes the importance of the subject by implying that as the population mortality age increases more and more patients will be considering euthanasia. While this was a wise strategic move, I did not include it as it was not necessary to establish the conclusions validity. This statement simply served as an introduction to a written argument. The inquirer also attempts to avoid any criticism related  to irrational concepts (such as God) by stating that these ideas simply cloud the subject. This was also a wise strategic move. As discussed previously, the manner in which the ultimate conclusion is stated is quite weak. It is unnecessary to draw attention to the possibility of other points being relevant to the subject. In fact, this provokes the reader to search for other subjects that have not been considered and will contradict the inquirers conclusion. He/she also uses a danger signal in the ultimate conclusion. The inquirer says it should be clear that, however the inquirer never establishes the relation between the mentioned points and the ultimate conclusion. This phrase suggests that the inquirer may actually draw no connection at all. Lastly, the argument is valid. Rectifying some mistakes and adding some moves that were assumed obvious the table now does close and there are no other open paths. Thus the argument is complete and the conclusion true, assuming all IMs and LIs are truth preserving. My Argument A right that is not necessary (has no use) and can lead to tremendous abuse, exploitation and erosion of care for the most vulnerable people among us should not be legalized. As can be seen from statistics from countries that have made voluntary euthanasia legal, there are many complications related to the right not being implemented efficiently. Many doctors may take advantage of the right, many euthanasias are performed on people who did not even request euthanasia with reasons such as It was too much of a burden for the family or the patients illness was terminal. Evidently, it is not so clear what voluntary or terminal mean, and depending on the doctors judgment the same patient may be treated differently. Furthermore, doctors can suggest euthanasia to patients that have not even considered it. The psychological stress on a suffering patient is so great that they may be easily influenced by doctors or family members to request the procedure. Laws against  euthanasia are in place to prevent abuse and to protect people from unscrupulous doctors and others. Secondly, there is no use to the right. Prohibitions against euthanasia are not intended to make patients suffer. No one is being condemned to suffering. If a patient is capable of requesting euthanasia they are also capable of committing suicide. People do have the power to commit suicide. If the patient does not have the means to commit suicide, a prescription of lethal drugs may be given to the patients but this is no longer considered euthanasia, but rather assisted suicide (which I am in favor of even though for moral reasons I personally disagree with suicide). Euthanasia refers to the killing of the patient directly by the doctor (either by lethal injection or by removal from necessary medical treatment). The need for assisted suicide is a completely different subject and should not be introduced into an argument about euthanasia. If the patient is not capable of requesting euthanasia then a court of law will allocate a surrogate to that patient which can make decisions for th e patient. If the patient is not capable of requesting euthanasia then the patient may not be able to commit suicide without assistance. But if the patient is in such a condition, they must be in vital need of medical treatment (either machines or drugs). A lot of people think that euthanasia is needed so patients wont be forced to remain alive by being hooked up to machines. But the law already permits patients or their surrogates to withhold or withdraw unwanted medical treatment even if that increases the likelihood that the patient will die. Thus, no one needs to be hooked up to machines against their will. Neither the law nor medical ethics requires that everything be done to keep a person alive. Insistence, against the patients wishes, that death be postponed by every means available is contrary to law and practice and is also cruel and inhumane. Thus even a patient that cannot commit suicide can kill himself/herself by removal from treatment. Euthanasia is not necessary and can lead to tremendous abuse, exploitation and erosion of care for the most vulnerable people among us. Prohibitions against euthanasia should not be lifted. (Assisted suicide is when someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her own life. When a doctor helps another person to kill themselves it is called physician assisted suicide. In my opinion, physician assisted suicide should be allowed as long as it is merely assistance and is practiced lawfully. Measures should be taken to ensure it is practiced lawfully. Each doctor should be forced to send in a consent form to some organization first. The consent form should contain the patients or the surrogates signature (if the patient is incapable of signing or requesting). In this way there will be less abuse of the right.)

ISO 27001 Standard Summary

ISO 27001 Standard Summary A blueprint of ISO 27001 There are no less than two forms of ISO/IEC 27001. The 2005 form and the 2013 adaptation. Both renditions are very comparative with some minor contrasts, in light of changing master bits of knowledge between the years 2005 and 2013. For this synopsis we utilize the most recent adaptation, variant 2013. This standard addresses the accompanying subjects (section numbers in sections): The hierarchical setting (4) Involvement of the initiative (5) Planning and targets (6) Support including assets and correspondence (7) Operational viewpoints (8) Evaluation of execution (9) Continuous change (10) Each of these themes portrays some portion of an Information Security Management System or ISMS. The ISO 27001 standard is centered around the larger amount objective of ensuring that associations have a structure (called an administration framework in ISO-talk) that guarantees that the association enhances data security. This ISMS is not an IT framework, but rather a portrayal of procedures in your association. It comprises of objectives, assets, arrangements and process portrayals. Just these more elevated amount components are required by ISO 27001. Basic ideas There are two thoughts that are not unequivocally said in ISO 27001 but rather that are essential for understanding ISO 27001. We prescribe concentrate these thoughts before perusing the genuine standard report. The primary thought is that of hazard administration: before making any move, groups ought to comprehend what the advantages are that merit ensuring, what the dangers are and how these dangers are controlled. See this article on resource stock and this one on hazard administration for further points of interest. The second thought that you have to comprehend keeping in mind the end goal to actualize ISO 27001 is the arrangement do-registration cycle. Before making a move, you need a reasonable objective (arrangement) and think how you will check if the activity works and what to do after the check. See this article on nonstop change utilizing arrangement do-registration for further subtle elements. Point by point necessities and documentation For each of the themes recorded over, the ISO 27001 standard determines definite necessities. On the off chance that you have not done this as of now and you need to get ensured, we prescribe you to peruse the real standard first. The following is a short agenda of all things that are portrayed: Organisation setting depiction (4.1) Stakeholders/invested individuals in data security (4.2) The ISMS scope (4.3) Commitment from top administration (5.1) Availability of a data security arrangement record (5.2) Roles and obligations regarding data security(5.3) Determining dangers and openings (6.1.1) Defining and executing a procedure for hazard assessment(6.1.2) and chance treatment (6.1.3). Some portion of this is to make an announcement of relevance that demonstrates which best practice controls are or are not actualized Creating quantifiable security targets (6.2) Resources for the ISMS (7.1) Appropriate preparing/skills for the staff in charge of the ISMS (7.2) Awareness for all staff in degree (7.3) Communication get ready for inward and outside correspondence about data security(7.4) Sufficient documentation about your ISMS including size of your association, intricacy and ability of individuals (7.5.1). It must be refreshed properly (7.5.1) and controlled (7.5.3) Planning and control of operational angles. Fundamentally this is about doing arrangement do-registration and demonstrate this utilizing documentation. (8.1) Planning a security chance appraisal at normal interims (8.2) Implementing the treatment arrange (8.2, for treatment arrange see 6.1.3) Monitoring the viability of the ISMS, by checking whether the objectives are achieved (9.1) Planning and execution of general interior reviews (9.2) Planning and execution of general administration surveys (9.3) Taking administration activity if things dont go as arranged (10.1). Once more, this is a piece of doing arrangement do-registration accurately Making beyond any doubt there is ceaseless change (10.2). This is about arrangement do-registration as well as about gathering criticism on each meeting from members and comparable change steps. Some regular misguided judgments In many organizations that utilization ISO27001 for data security, one hears proclamations, for example, It is required to change passwords each quarter or ISO 27001 obliges us to update our firewall. This is in fact not genuine. The ISO 27001 standard does not specify any solid controls. ISO 27001 requires that you have data security objectives, assets, approaches and forms (the ISMS). You ought to execute these procedures. Contingent upon which resources and dangers the data security group distinguishes, you can in principle settle on your own choices about which controls you execute and how. Practically speaking, numerous associations do tend to actualize comparative controls. There is a little arrangement of controls that is broadly acknowledged as best practices. There is really a moment standard, ISO 27002, that is a gathering of these best practice controls. This standard is authoritatively an only for-data standard, yet by and by many individuals utilize this standard as an agenda to check whether they are doing whats necessary. Formally anyway you ought to settle on your own choices and just actualize these controls if there is a real hazard. Another misguided judgment about data security, is that it is an IT theme or IT duty. ISO 27001 requires the association of the entire association, not only the IT division. For example the top administration must set the objectives and give spending plan and assets, and HR is regularly required in settling staff related dangers. In the event that data security is restricted to the IT division, you are not consistent to ISO 27001. A third confusion that regularly happens, is an over-concentrate on the real number of controls and measures that is executed. You are agreeable with ISO 27001 on the off chance that you have a working ISMS prepare. ISO 27001 is a procedure standard, and you ought to concentrate on executing the procedure. Actualizing most or all controls is not an objective or prerequisite. Consistence and affirmation Numerous associations utilize the standard ISO 27001 not on the grounds that they need to make the best choice, additionally in light of the fact that they need to get a security testament. There is an unobtrusive distinction between being agreeable to ISO27001, and acquiring a declaration. Any association that will put in enough responsibility, time and assets can wind up noticeably agreeable to ISO27001 by simply taking the necessary steps. You are not required to procure any official master. When you meet all necessities, you can call yourself consistent. To wind up noticeably guaranteed, there is an extra stride: You have to locate an official gathering that is authorize to do ISO 27001 confirmations, and request that such gathering do a survey of the ISMS. Regardless of whether accreditation is justified regardless of the extra time and expenses differs per association. We would say, the cost and exertion of full ISO 27001 accreditation is viewed as costly by numerous associations. Hence we built up the more coordinated Security Verified standard. The Security Verified standard depends on similar standards or best practices, yet has openly accessible necessities and a quicker and more effective audit prepare. The models are perfect. One can begin with actualizing a decent ISMS, get a Security Verified authentication once every one of the nuts and bolts are set up. You can keep enhancing your ISMS and get an ISO 27001 declaration later on when the less critical stuff is likewise set up and you have more experience running your ISMS. In any case, we and every other master prescribe anybody to consider data security important. It is justified, despite all the trouble to put resources into building an ISMS, paying little mind to what confirmation you choose to seek after. Concentrate the standard ISO 27001 is an imperative initial phase toward this path .

World War I: The Failure of The Schlieffen Plan Essays -- von Schlieff

In 1914, the war to end all wars began; it would later become known as World War 1. Every major power in Europe became involved in it at some point. What all these powers had were individual war plans which stated how they would rise above their enemies and claim victory. Unfortunately for some, not all of these plans were created equally. Unlike the other powers of Europe, Germany had created only one plan known as the Schlieffen Plan. The Schlieffen Plan had been created to be used as the perfect tool to winning a war, unfortunately the plan had been born from the arrogance of Alfred von Schlieffen and later altered by Helmuth von Moltke. Due to how the Schlieffen Plan was both created and altered, both von Schlieffen and von Moltke were doomed to bring Germany only failure in a multi-front war. In 1888, Kaiser Wilhelm II ascended to the throne of the German Empire and began a new era of foreign affair policies for Germany. Two years later, in 1890, Wilhelm dismissed the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Bismarck had united the various nineteenth century German Kingdoms and created the German Empire of the late nineteenth century. Bismarck had also helped to forge various alliances throughout Europe in order to maintain the German political and military position favorable with numbers. In less than two decades time, Wilhelm had essentially destroyed most of the alliance systems Bismarck had created and put Germany in a position where it was both allied with the weaker major powers of Europe and at a disadvantage when it came to numbers. Wilhelm went from having France, the enemy of Germany in the nineteenth century, isolated to having Germany nearly isolated politically and surrounded by enemies. In 1904, the altered d... ... attrition, 1870-1916. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kennedy, Paul M. 1979. The War plans of the great powers, 1880-1914. London: Allen & Unwin. Ritter, Gerhard. 1979. The Schlieffen plan: critique of a myth. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. Bodleian Libray. â€Å"Entente Cordiale.† Last Accessed October 6. 2011. http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/projects/entente/entente.html Fawcett, Bill. 2006. How to lose a battle: foolish plans and great military blunders. New York: Harper. Mombauer, Annika. 2001. Helmuth von Moltke and the origins of the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ousby, Ian. 2002. The road to Verdun: World War I's most momentous battle and the folly of nationalism. New York: Doubleday. Shapiro, Seymour, and Gerhard Ritter. 1959. "The Schlieffen Plan". Military Affairs. 23 (2): 107-108.

Life Or Death Essay -- essays research papers

We are all aware of death, and we know it will come to us all. To many of us death brings a chill down our spine ridden with fear, but to others it is ridden with strength and satisfaction of accomplishment. Fortunately or unfortunately we are all condemned to death. However no one knows when exactly the inevitable will approach, but we all know it is inescapable. But what makes death seem more realistic to us and those in denial of it is the lucid pictures of people suffering, in pain and those on their death bed before many of us can be rationale and accept the truth. Someone once said, “Life is about 50-70 years of pain. One is born through the mother’s pain and die leaving others in pain.'; How do we accept and deal with the process of our last days with all the suffering we go through, and the suffering our loved ones share with us? What impact does suffering and death leave behind? Does the love we had experienced decline with our shrunken bodies, does the responsib ilities we challenged take control of us or does our friendships eventually sail in the distance like the compost to become of us; or perhaps all three? Or conceivably we build a stronger love for life, and a stronger legacy for our loved ones to cherish? What pain do they feel? Yet, all in all we need to distinguish what it means to suffer? Is it “to endure death, pain, or distress?'; Or can it be to sustain loss or damage. In this paper I will attempt to show that as human beings we take for granted what “life'; is and seem to forget that death is inevitable. But most importantly how suffering and death have an impact on our daily and routinely concepts of love, friendship and responsibility. What is “Love';? Is the love you feel for your child the same as the love you feel for your spouse? Is the love you feel for the brand new car sitting in the dealership the same as the love one feels for their parent? Love exists in many levels, and can be defined in many ways. The flourishing part about love is that only an individual can define what love is because its something only he or she can feel and distinguish. Love can be expressed in either combination or all of the following: Love towards our faith, love in an exotic nature, love for our children, and lastly love for material things. It does not matter what religion or type of faith o... ...t the sake of the family and always wish never to leave a scar on the family name. Pleasing others and not oneself can also be a liability, because one would feel that they lived life not for their sake but for others; would it then be right to question what the true meaning of life was to you, during your last minutes of life? Personally, I doubt it. We are all born to die. And die is what we shall do inevitably. But what we live behind, our legacy is simply a formation of how we live life for the time we are here on earth. Every one of us should live life to its fullest and to its fullest means that we shall consider accomplishing our duties as parents, family or friends. Our lives may seem like a circus, with so much to juggle, nonetheless we should not forget that life has essentially been a gift. We all make mistakes and this should not be regrettable, rather educational. Living life allows us all to learn and learning is the greatest satisfaction. Suffering, pain and death should not be the only emotions considered during one’s last breath, but also the beginning of change and the strengthening of love, friendship and our responsibility for those you leave behind.

GLUT 4 in Muscle Cells Essay -- Biology

Hypothesis During muscle contractions cytosolic calcium and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) levels increase. Exercise also increases GLUT 4 production, which allows more glucose to be metabolized in the muscle cell. The purpose of this study was to determine whether calcium and AMPK cause the increases in GLUT 4 production in the cell. The hypothesis regarding GLUT 4 being tested in this research article stems from related research, which showed that GLUT 4 and mitochondria increase due to repeated bouts of muscle contraction. Since raising calcium levels in the cytosol of the cell increases mitochondria, GLUT 4 is may increase as well. The hypothesis that is being tested with this research was that GLUT 4 will be increased in skeletal muscle cells due to induced increases in the cytosolic calcium levels. These calcium levels are increased in cells naturally due to exercise. Since exercise also increases activity of AMPK, the study tested the effects of increasing AMPK on GLUT 4 levels in skeletal muscle. Methodology GLUT 4 levels were determined after exposing muscle cells to the various stimuli. In order to test whether the various stimuli increased GLUT 4 muscle cells were either exposed to a single stimulus, a stimulus with an inhibitor specific of the stimulus, or no stimulus (control). Then the GLUT 4 protein levels in each set of cells could be tested in order to determine the effects of each stimulus. Various chemicals that are known to be produced in a muscle cell during normal exercise were used as stimuli. Caffeine, which produces increased cytosolic calcium, was used to simulate the normal increase in calcium in a cell during exercise. An... ... activity effect GLUT 4 protein. The results of this study show that during exercise GLUT 4 in muscle cells was increased by increases in cytosolic calcium levels as well as the activation of AMPK. The transcription factors that are responsible for "making" GLUT 4 are also increased by these two chemicals. The increases were found to be regulated by CAMK an inhibitor of calcium. This is important for muscle metabolism and effects on diabetes. The capacity for metabolism in muscle cells is enhanced with training because greater amount of GLUT 4 in the muscle cell is important to respond to stimuli. Consequently more glucose is transported into the cell to be metabolized. This GLUT 4 increase is an adaptive response to the body's greater need for energy. Ultimately this results in more glucose, which means more energy for the cell to use.

Living and Surviving: a Comparison Essay

It’s a commonly heard phrase – â€Å"I want to live and not just exist,† but after years of the same trite, dull sentiment, it seems flimsy and false. But to think deeper – it’s not nearly as fabricated as it seems. Living and surviving are two entirely separate actions, even though living does depend on existence. To explain the difference between living and existence, a definition is in order. Living, as defined by science, is the feat of not being dead, while existence is a blanket term that can be applied to everything in the universe. Thoughts and theories exist; same as rocks and soil. In that plane of thought, living and existence are separate, though slightly similar. To take it a step higher, and be human-centric, living would more likely be defined as having a soul, or at least, sentience. This would exclude, say, trees and bushes from the living category. Existence, then, might be elevated to having a beating heart and working lungs. Either way of viewing it, living and being are two different actions. In this paper, the focus is on second set of definitions. Living and existence, though different, are not mutually exclusive. To live, one must exist – it’s the only way. There must have a working body in order to have a thriving mind. But at the same time, it is entirely possible to exist and not live. It’s much like how a person is an animal, yet not all animals are people. To look at life’s other definition, souls and spiritualism are added to the mix and how that relates to human existence. Everyone has a soul, it could be argued, but most take it further than just simple possession of such. â€Å"What are you doing with your life?† it’s asked, taking â€Å"living† as something that can be measured. Someone who never deviates from routine, who has no hopes, could be considered â€Å"lifeless† by that perspective, while another who lives only to chase their dreams and enjoy their time on Earth, would be thriving. Here is a plethora of quotes, sayings, and speeches. Like the band Switchfoot sings, â€Å"I want to thrive, not just survive†. Living and existing, such a broad subject. So many different ways to define and redefine, each coming to the same conclusion: The two are different, even despite the fact that life depends on survival. Life, in general, is seen as a fully awakened consciousness; existence is simply breathing, possessing a beating heart and a pulsing brain†¦but not a host of thoughts. But no matter how the terms are defined, they’re always different ideas.

Atlanta Race Riot

Taylor Schultz History 1100 Dr. Howard November 15, 2010 Influences of the Atlanta Race Riot â€Å"A city lay in travail, God our Lord, and from her loins sprang twin Murder and Black Hate. Red was the midnight; clang, crack and cry of death and fury filled the air and trembled underneath the stars when church spires pointed silently to Thee. And all this was to sate the greed of greedy men who hide behind the veil of vengeance† (Primary Source 20, line 20). The Atlanta Race Riot occurred in 1906 in Atlanta, Georgia. Many innocent African Americans were murdered by hostile mobs of white men.Racism and hatred towards African Americans had been around long before the Atlanta Race Riot, but previously built tensions of jealousy, hostilities, abuse of blacks and whites eventually lead to this event. Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Dubois, and many other African American and white leaders tried to gain respect from whites for the black community and earn equality, but the majority o f whites were not willing to cooperate. The main influences of the Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 were poor whites and the â€Å"sexual assaults† they accused blacks of, politics, and media releases.After slavery had ended, and African Americans were free, whites still felt that they held a power over the blacks. So, when African Americans were becoming more successful, by owning their own pharmacies, grocery stores, and businesses the poor and middle class whites were not thrilled. These white classes were angry, because blacks were accomplishing more and making better wages then they were. The poor whites were so furious that they started creating mobs against all African Americans accusing them of wrong doings that many had no part in. The men composing the mobs, which created the disorder were principally of the hoodlum class† (Primary Source 13, page 7). Anytime a white man even heard of an African American touching a white woman, mobs would immediately form and attack, often killing a black man who looked remotely close to what the victim described him as. In 1906, the Savannah Morning News reported â€Å"there were four attempted assaults on white women by negroes in and around Atlanta today, and these and the publication of them in extras led to the gathering of the mob which killed ten or fifteen Negroes in the city tonight† (Primary Source 11, page 1).African Americans were not given the chance to go to court for any of the trials and were killed without proper identification by the court. It was getting to the point where blacks could not even walk outside their homes at night without being hunted by the white mobs; â€Å"attack spread rapidly and within a few moments the appearance of a Negro was the signal for a riot. The Negroes scattered from the streets, going to their homes by back alleys, or flocked to Decatur Street, the home of the tougher element† (Primary Source 12, page 2).All of these lynchings and outburst of rage from the poor whites over â€Å"sexual assaults† from black men towards white women were not fair towards the blacks. It was a way of whites getting back at blacks because of their own personal issues of jealousy, hostility, and personal self-assurance that they were better. After a long fight to gain freedom, African Americans wanted political equality. Many black philosophers and educators had their own views on how political equality should be met. Booker T. Washington was a black man who had been born into slavery and had gained his independence.He was a highly successful man who attended an Agricultural Institute. He founded the Tuskegee Institute, providing technical education for African Americans. Washington believed that blacks needed to work hard to show whites that they had value, so that eventually whites would realize this and accept black equality. â€Å"Washington was willing to accept social, residential, commercial, and educational subordination†(Seco ndary Source 1, page 46). On the other hand, W. E. B. Dubois was another successful black man whose views differed from Booker T.Washington. Dubois grew up in a largely white community, earned a PhD at Harvard, and believed that equality should be pushed for and gained as soon as possible. African Americans sided with both views from Washington and Dubois and had faith and believed that no matter which strategy worked it would eventually lead them to gaining equality. But, most elite whites wanted no part of it. Once white elites had heard speeches from both these leaders and knew what a good majority of blacks wanted, they came up with scandals to get African American’s votes.Many Democratic and Republican parties promised African Americans that if they gave their vote to them, they would stop lynching and crime rates would go down. â€Å"The party in which gave them the ballot had really no means of protecting them in the enjoyment of it† (Primary Source 8, page. 291 ). Laws like the Klu Klux Klan Act and The Compromise of 1850 were put in place during voting times to stop prejudice and violence, but once votes were gained, acts were dropped, giving none of the protection to African Americans that they had been promised. The whites, on their side, rather helped this plan by the savage means to which they resorted on those States in which the Negros were in majority, to overturn or prevent Negro rule† (Primary Source 8, page. 291). The Media attention that was brought up during the times of the Atlanta race Riot became a large influence on the whites and their bias opinions towards blacks. For the most part, the media sided with the whites, and encouraged the white people to start uproars with their black neighbors.The media loved all the press that they were able to release at this time in 1906, because they knew it would get a lot of attention, and people would believe everything they were posting. When the Riots were at their highest, Ma yor Woodward wrote, â€Å"I am thankful for all the papers that did not join in the business of getting out extras Saturday night. Many of the reports that were published were not only fuel to the fire, but entirely false† (Primary Source 5, page. 1).This statement shows that the media approved violence and did not mind the killing of innocent people, because it gave them something to broadcast about. When these mobs saw that they were getting press from the media, they started to consider themselves famous â€Å"protectors of the people†. â€Å"Flaring headlines in the special editions of the afternoon papers wrought the populace to a high pitch of excitement† (Primary source 13, page 2). Even though the media had no proof of reporting rapes or crimes that black men had done they would still write about them.Eventually, it got to the point where African Americans were getting fed up, and even announcing to places like the New York World saying, â€Å"There has been no carnival rapes in and around Atlanta. There has been a frightful carnival of newspaper lies† (Secondary Source 2, page 153). The white mobs already had so many racist views on blacks without the media leaking in, so when the media did decide to write alleged reports accusing the blacks falsely, it swept up the intensity and encouraged whites to be more violent then they ad ever been before. The Atlanta Race Riot caused many unnecessary deaths, and lead to more hostilities between blacks and whites then there had ever been. Although many events caused the Race Riot, the main ones were: the bad judgments poor whites held against blacks, and their horrendous approaches at getting back at them, the disagreement on political views from whites and blacks, and the media that influenced and encouraged whites to rebel against blacks and cause violence instead of trying for equality.Leaders and protectors stood by and watched deaths occur, and nobody tried to make any changes u ntil after the Riot took place. If whites and blacks had come together and taken away prejudice views and hatred towards each other, they could have accomplished more things and many innocent people could have lived.

Rogerian Argument Outline

I. Paragraph One: Introduction Topic/issue: external intervention by the international committee and world powers like the United States into the national affairs of warring nations is essential for domestic conflict resolution. Opposing view: Warring nations should be responsible for their own domestic conflicts and find ways to resolve them. Others nations should limit their intervention to just the mediation of peace talks. Writer’s view:External military and diplomatic intervention has been the key to solving major civil conflicts and preventing possible genocides in countries such as sierra Leone and Libya while people in countries such as Rwanda and currently in Syria endure the worst because of the blind eye or unwillingness to react to atrocities against humanity by the international community. Problem: Key terms: Intervention atrocities genocide mediation II. Paragraph Two: Summary of the Opposing View’s PositionMain point A: Each nation must be self-responsibl e for their domestic conflict and find ways to resolve it. Main point B: The cost incurred in the form of lost military lives and equipment on the intervening nations is mostly too much. The cost of funding these wars can easily get out of hands as conflicts tend to last longer than mostly anticipated. Main point C: III. Paragraph Three: Statement of Validity (Why their view must be valid, IV.Paragraph Four: Summary of the Writer’s Position Main point A: Innocent civilians in Nations such as Liberia and Sierra Leone endured decades of war. Only after massive intervention by the international committee were these conflicts resolved. The same can be said for Libya and currently in DR. Congo. Main point B: However, the same cannot be said for countries such Rwanda or Bosnia where modern genocide occurred under the watch of the international committee. Main point C:Despite all the daily reports and evidence coming from Syria, the international community is still undecided on whic h course of action to take to alleviate the pain and suffering of the innocent civilians. V. Paragraph Five: Statement of Validity Context or specific circumstance(s) in which this view may be considered valid: even though it is best to allow domestic conflicts to be self-resolved it is also in the interest of humanity that the international committee and nations such as the United States periodically intervene in conflicts that gets out of hand.VI. Paragraph Six: Statement of Benefit(s) Even though it is right that domestic conflicts are best solved nationally, it is in the interest of the innocent and oppressed that the international committee intervenes to enforce these solutions. VII. Paragraph Seven: Conclusion Summary: The international committee should intervene in escalating domestic conflicts to help in resolving. Common ground: Compromise: Proposed solution: Positive, hopeful statement: (Relate to how SL. Spent yrs negotiating till intervention. )

Case Study – Richard Phillips and family

In considering the actions available for the police and the social worker, this essay will initially look at the background to the present youth justice system. It will go on to consider areas of tension and conflict that exist at a number of levels within the system, for example the conflict between the welfare model of the Children Act 1989 and the justice model that underpins the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. It will examine the rights, duties and responsibilities of those involved before going on to summarise the impacts of the actions that might be taken. †¦ Youth justice has always been a contentious subject. Some people take the view that what is required is a â€Å"get tough† approach, while others see a more positive approach to the issue in welfare and community based initiatives†¦ † (Workbook 3, p 38). A consequence of this has been that â€Å"†¦ The relationship between social work and the criminal justice system has been one of tension and ambivalence since the demise of the rehabilitative ideal of the latter decades of the twentieth century†¦ (Reader, Worrall and Souhami, p 120). Had Richard's alleged offence taken place thirty years ago it would have been dealt with against the background of the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 where the aim was to depoliticise and decriminalise youth offending. The welfare principle contained in the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 would also apply. Together, these acts require courts to give concern to the welfare of the child in youth justice proceedings. This doctrine was influenced by the developmental theory of adolescence which supports the view that while young people may commit minor crime as a part of the growing up process, they will naturally come to see such behaviour as unacceptable and reform themselves. Formal intervention would only serve to bring young people into the crime system, tarnish their prospects, and consequently, increase the likelihood of re-offending and ultimately, the numbers of victims. However, shortly after the passing of the 1969 Act, the political tide had changed. Magistrates became unhappy with social workers and custodial sentences increased. (Reader, Worrall and Souhami, p 123). Throughought the 1980s the tension between the two models led to a â€Å"†¦ twin track approach to tackling juvenile crime†¦ † (Workbook 3, p 38). The â€Å"get tough† lobby were satisfied by the introduction of the short sharp shock of new detention centres and yet at the same time politicians saw the dangers of criminalising young people. Change was inevitable and by 1996 the Audit Commission had published a report called â€Å"Misspent Youth† which was very critical of the youth justice system. This led to the Home Office paper â€Å"No More Excuses† with its model of â€Å"restorative justice† which was a precursor to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. The 1998 Act has a statutory aim of prevention of offending by children and it is against this background that Richard's alleged offence will be treated. The political pendulum had swung from a culture that saw the welfare principles as the key to reducing offending, to one that, whilst recognising rights and welfare, sees them as subsidiary to the principles of restorative justice. These principles are; restoration, where young offenders apologise and make amends, reintegration, where they pay their debt to society then rejoin it, and responsibility, which involves accepting the consequences of offending. The Act also abolished the legal doctrine of doli incapax, removing the burden of proof on prosecuting lawyers that a child defendant under the age of fourteen knew what he did was wrong (Workbook 3 pp 38 – 45 and Reader, Vernon, p 221) A clear example of this swing from welfare to justice is in the context of the Child Safety Orders introduced by the 1998 act. Breach of such an order can mean a child under ten is taken into care â€Å"†¦ irrespective of whether the threshold criteria contained in s. 31 (2) of the Children Act 1989 are satisfied†¦ † thus overriding the welfare principle (Workbook 3 p 40). Confusingly however, a contemporaneous counterbalance has been the introduction of Human Rights legislation such as the Human Rights Act 1998 as well as ratification of the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the child. This legislation tends to reinforce the welfare principle. Stuart Vernon's comment that â€Å"†¦ hese are interesting times for youth court magistrates†¦ † is very relevant to this debate (Reader, Vernon, p 222), because it recognises the tensions that arise resulting from the divergent views held by all those involved and the resultant uncertainty as to outcomes; for victims and perpetrators of crime and their representatives. Having looked at the background to the tensions and conflicts it is now appropriate to consider how they impact on what happens next in Richard's case. Among the reforms introduced by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 was the establishment of Youth Offending Teams (YOTs). Prior to the act, a social worker would have had responsibility for Richard's case and would involve other professionals as necessary. The Act changed this by shifting the responsibility to multi-disciplinary YOTs which comprise professionals from social services, the police, probation services, the health authority and the education authority. The establishment of these teams involved huge change and conflict between the occupational cultures of the different disciplines, for example, â€Å"†¦ police officers disliking â€Å"woolly† social workers and social work stereotypes of anti-youth police officers†¦ (Reader, Watson p 246). The Act also introduced a system of reprimands and final warnings doing away with the former system of cautions. (Reader, Watson pp 242-248). â€Å"†¦ The police are responsible for the investigation of crime. This responsibility includes the arrest, detention and questioning of suspects†¦ † (Workbook 3 p 10). The police have contacted the YOT because they want to question Richard. Under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, (PACE) Richard is classified as a â€Å"vulnerable† suspect and it his right not to be questioned without the presence of what is known as an â€Å"Appropriate Adult†. This right can only be overridden in very exceptional circumstances which must be authorised by a police officer of superintendent rank or above and the circumstances must be recorded in the custody record. Amongst the functions of the YOT is the provision of an appropriate adult service and these duties are often performed by a social worker. (Reader, Watson, p 244 and Workbook 3 p 73). The rile of the appropriate adult is to â€Å"†¦ provide comfort and support to a child who might otherwise be disorientated in strange surroundings†¦ (Workbook 3, p 73). She should check that the child has had nourishment and is not under the influence of drugs or alcohol and is generally in a fit state to be questioned. Under the PACE code of practice guidance, it is stated that a parent or guardian should normally undertake this function; but in this case, Richard has refused to involve his parents. In any event, the parent may not have â€Å"†¦ the experience or confidence needed to represent the child effectively in the potentially hostile atmosphere of the custody suite†¦ † (Workbook 3, p 73) It appears that Richard has not requested the presence of a solicitor and it is the duty of the social worker to encourage him to do so and explain the advantages. Marie Kearns, a youth justice worker describes how this can heighten the tension between the police and social workers because it will involve delay and the solicitor may encourage a â€Å"no comment† interview. â€Å"†¦ The police may on occasions feel they â€Å"know† who has committed a particular offence, and they do not want the interference of solicitors and â€Å"do gooding† social workers to allow the guilty to walk free†¦ (Workbook 3, p 75). At this stage and indeed every stage, the social worker must practice within the Code of Practice of the General Social Care Council. It is very important to avoid being dragged into the police culture which is a risk in a multi-disciplinary team (Reader, Worrall & Souhami, pp128/9). The social worker must practice in an anti-oppressive way, despite the seriousness of the alleged offence, working in partnership with Richard and keeping him informed about the processes and his rights at all times. It is equally important to practice in a way that is anti-discriminatory, not making any judgements about Richard because of his background (Workbook 1 pp 10 -13). The concept of partnership working between agencies involved with the welfare of children is now enshrined in law in section 10 of the Children Act 2004. Once the interview has taken place the police have to decide if there is sufficient evidence to charge Richard. They also have the option to issue a final warning under section 65 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. A further reprimand is not an option because Richard has already had one. The social worker can do little to influence this decision as it is solely a matter for the police. (Workbook 3 p 53 and Law Card S35). In Richard's case, it is apparent that the police intend to charge him. Section 38 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 recommends that children aged between ten and sixteen should be released; with or without bail once charged unless certain conditions are met. These conditions are several, but two examples are; when the custody officer has reasonable grounds to believe that detention is necessary to protect the defendant, or if it is in the defendant's best interests (Workbook 3, pp 54/5). The police have decided, in Richard's case, that the conditions are met and intend to detain him. A decision that will highlight the â€Å"†¦ continuous conflict between care and control†¦ † (Reader Worrall and Souhami, p 121) that is part of the social worker's remit. Richard's detention will normally be in local authority accommodation. This can be in the form of secure or non secure accommodation. The local authority has the power to decide where Richard is to be placed and this decision will rest with the social worker; availability of suitable accommodation being a significant feature. If the decision is to place Richard in secure accommodation then this will be subject to the provisions of Section 25 of the Children Act 1989 which allows secure placement for up to seventy two hours, but only if the child has a history of absconding or is a danger to himself or others if kept in non secure accommodation; a difficult decision for the social worker in this case. Further detention is not allowed without court intervention. There are strongly held views about whether the welfare principle of the Children Act applies in these circumstances. In 1995 the Court of Appeal stated that in such cases, whilst the welfare of the child is not irrelevant, it is not paramount. Again, confusingly however, it also ruled that social workers performing the functions of Guardian ad litem should make their reports based on what is in the best interests of the child. In practice, if the custody officer decides that provision of local authority accommodation is neither practicable nor available then Richard would remain in police custody. Contacting his parents would then become imperative (Workbook 2 p, 93 and Workbook 3 p 55). It is also important to remember Rob, who is the victim. He is also a child and is entitled to the same rights as Richard. The Local Authority also has both general duties towards him, and specific ones should the circumstances result in Rob being regarded as a child â€Å"in need† under Section 17 of the Children Act 1989 (Workbook 2 pp 18-19). His father has insisted that action be taken against Richard but it is appropriate to consider Rob's wishes; the wishes and needs of victims being an important principle of the National Standards for Youth Justice (Workbook 3 p 34). As soon as is practicable, the next task for the police is to arrange for Richard to appear before the youth court, a panel of local magistrates. They would have the option to either release Richard with or without bail or to remand him to Local Authority accommodation. Again there is room for conflict, because such accommodation may not be locally available and this could infringe Richard's right to education under both the 1998 Human Rights Act and The United Nations Convention on Rights of the Child. Interestingly, the convention appears to recognise the potential for conflict between justice and welfare using the word â€Å"primary† rather than â€Å"paramount† in Article 3 in the context of the best interests of children (Workbook, pp 16 – 17). In practice, much would depend on the outcome of the efforts to find Richard's parents. If the case goes to trial, this would also be in the youth courts where the culture has changed considerably in recent years, partly because of the tension between the welfare and justice models. In a very high profile case in 1993, two children were convicted of the murder of another child, Jamie Bulger. The intimidating nature of the trial was the subject of much criticism by human rights lawyers and in 1999, the European Court of Human Rights found that the trial breached Article 6. 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights (now incorporated into the Human Rights Act 1998) which guarantees people who are accused of crimes, the right to an effective participation in their trial. The resultant changes in the youth courts mean the use of clear language, an informal layout, better information for victims, better feedback for magistrates and more frequent lifting of reporting restrictions (Workbook 3, pp 57 – 59). If Richard pleads guilty, then as this is his first offence, a Referral Order under sections 1 – 7 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 is likely. This would involve making a contract between Richard and the YOT aimed at reparation and prevention of re-offending (Law Card C32 (EW)). A not guilty plea means the magistrates must decide on his guilt, based upon the evidence. In the event of Richard's guilt being established, the next social work task is the preparation of the pre-sentence report â€Å"†¦ the social worker's most important contribution to the youth court†¦ (Workbook 3, p 60) which allows the court to make an informed decision based on comprehensive and accurate information about Richard. The report would be written in accordance with the National Standards for Youth Justice with a number of standard headings: Sources of information, which would include information gathered from school and home, an analysis of the offence including the impact on the victim, an assessment of the offender including risk to the community and risk of re-offending and a conclusion that would include a sentencing recommendation. (Workbook 3 p 62). The report must take into account the welfare principle of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 as well as the aim of section 37 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 which is to prevent re-offending. It must be written in a way that is consistent with the core values of the Code of Practice for Social Workers with anti-discriminatory practice being a particular feature in the light of an HM Inspectorate of Probation review finding that African-Caribbeans are over represented in reports that recommend custodial sentences (Workbook 3, pp 62 – 63). After reading the report the magistrates must decide upon a sentence. A wide range is available, formerly under a number of different pieces of legislation but now incorporated into the Powers of the Criminal Courts (Sentences) Act 2000. In Richard's case a Supervision Order under sections 63-68 of the act is likely, or an Action Plan order under section 69. These orders can include specific requirements such as where Richard is to live, what he is to do, and compliance with his supervisor's directions. The orders can last for up to three years. At the other end of the scale, should Richard re-offend, then a Detention and Training order under section 73 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 would be available. This would deprive him of his liberty (Workbook 3, pp 65 – 67 and Update Supplement, p 22) and increase the likelihood of an ongoing spiral of crime, the worst impact for Richard (Workbook 3, p 68). In conclusion then, it can be seen that conflict and tension feature strongly in youth justice. Some people argue that aspects of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 are unnecessary if the resources were made available to allow Local Authorities to carry out their duty to prevent offending that is stated in schedule 2 of the Children Act 1989. The 1998 act also has a preventative aim although only 2. 5% of the budget is committed to it (Workbook 3, p 46). It is against this background that social workers in youth justice face the challenge of how to operate in a system where the measures of success are constantly swinging between retributive and rehabilitative goals, without compromising their own Professional Code of Practice (Workbook 3, p 5).