Karl Popper And The Scientific Method - 1372 Words

Karl Popper is commonly regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science in the 20th Century. He is well known for his rejection of the inductivist viewpoint of the scientific method, in which one uses observation to propose a law to generalize an observed pattern, and later confirm that law through more observation. Popper states that â€Å"induction cannot be logically justified† (Popper 14). Inductivism relies on the process of inductive reasoning which is a logical process in which multiple premises, all thought to be true and found to be true most of the time, are combined to obtain a conclusion and in many cases formulate a law or theory. Popper rejected the inductivist viewpoint in favor of a theory called empirical falsification which holds that a theory can never be proven, but it can be falsified, and therefore it can and needs to be scrutinized through experimentation. In his work â€Å"Conjectures and Refutations,† Popper discussed several aspects of induction including the topics of conjectures (opinions or conclusions formed on the basis of incomplete information) or tentative theories and refutations (ways to refute an argument, opinion, testimony, doctrine, or theory, through contradicting evidence) or the acts of disproving arguments through counterexamples (Oxford). Popper opines that a significant problem with the scientific method is that scientists get so caught up in evidence that supports a specific conjecture that they either 1) fail to considerShow MoreRelatedScientific Method and Sir Karl Popper1407 Words   |  6 PagesSir Karl Popper, challenging the status quo, inspiring generations to ponder on the meaning of science, the methods to find truth, is one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century. Of particular importance to scientific methods of inquiry is the brawl between the development of theory and the criteria for science. In Popper’s own words, it is in this brawl that Popper decided to â€Å"grapple with the problem: When should a theory be ranked as scientific? or Is there a criterion for theRead MoreAn Methodology Suitable For Scientific Education958 Words   |  4 Pagesissue of determining which scientific methods will result in empirical truths The following essay aims to discuss the most appropriate methodology suitable for scientific education, and by doing so discusses the various limitations of both overarching methods, induction and deduction. In this essay, Alan Chalmers (What Is This Thing Called Science?, 1976, p. 1) will be used to present a common inductive view on science, whereas Karl Popper’s, Hypothetico Deductivism method will portray a deductiveRead MorePhilosopher Karl Popper And Empirical Falsification929 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosopher Karl Popper is widely known for his rejection of classical inductivism, the idea that scientific knowledge is derived only from observation, and also his support of empirical falsification, the idea that scientific theories cannot be proven correct, but they can be proven false. In other words, empirical falsification means that theories can and should be closely and thoroughly examined by decisive experiments. In Popper’s view, a claim must be falsifiable, or testable, in order for itRead MoreEssay on Karl Poppers Falsifiability983 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Poppers Falsifiability Sir Karl Poppers lecture was very thought provoking concerning where to draw the line. Unlike most people, the validity of the theory was not his concern as much as how that validity is determined. This is an issue that really does not get the attention that it deserves. Poppers claims concerning, When should a theory be ranked as scientific? and Is there a criterion for the scientific character or status of a theory? seems to be put together in the followingRead More Popper and Kuhn: Two Views of Science Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesPopper and Kuhn: Two Views of Science In this essay I attempt to answer the following two questions: What is Karl Popper’s view of science? Do I feel that Thomas Kuhn makes important points against it? The two articles that I make reference to are Science: Conjectures and Refutations by Karl Popper and Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research? by Thomas Kuhn. In the article, Science: Conjectures and Refutations, Karl Popper attempts to describe the criteria that a theory must meetRead MoreEssay on Karl Popper and Falsifiability1354 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Popper and Falsifiability Karl Poppers claim that the criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability is a clearly viable statement. This is a natural extension of his idea about how scientific knowledge is increased (Edwards, 1967). In an attempt to define science from pseudo-science, Popper states that the growth of scientific knowledge begins with an imaginative proposal of hypotheses (Edwards, 1967). Then, the scientist must search for illustrations or situationsRead MoreComparison Of Kuhn And Popper s Understanding Of Science1262 Words   |  6 PagesIn this section we will compare and contrast Kuhn’s understanding of science with Popper’s understanding of science. These two methods are narrower when it comes to levels of scrutiny. They are also more open and willing to embrace change because they seek to change the status quo which is traditional science. Both scientists agree that the traditional method of science is too broad and ignores many different variables tha t could change the outcome of the results. They also concur on the idea thatRead MoreKarl Popper and Thomas Kuhn 21472 Words   |  6 PagesPopper and Kuhn: Two Views of Science In this essay I attempt to answer the following two questions: What is Karl Poppers view of science? Do I feel that Thomas Kuhn makes important points against it? The two articles that I make reference to are Science: Conjectures and Refutations by Karl Popper and Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research? by Thomas Kuhn. Both articles appear in the textbook to this class. In the article, Science: Conjectures and Refutations, Karl Popper attemptsRead More Does science consist in the progressive development of objective truth? Contrast the views of Kuhn with one other writer on this topic.1416 Words   |  6 Pagesnormal (that is non revolutionary) periods in a science, there is a consensus across the relevant scientific community about the theoretical and methodological rules to be followed. (Marshall 1998). Paradigms tend to shift over time as new scientific discoveries are made, and anomalies or observations that conflict with the current paradigm begin to accumulate. Eventually this leads to a scientific revolution. There is a shift from one paradigm to another and a new period of normal science beginsRead MoreThe Logic Of Scientific Discovery2172 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Scientific Method at the University of London, Karl Popper translated his own original version of The Logic of Scientific Discovery, which was originally called Logik der Forsc hung, to English (Stuermann). One statement that he makes, even before the actual text begins, is how hard answering questions and ideas in philosophy are is compared to other fields, such as the physical sciences. Compared to a physicist, for example, that is trying to prove a point by solving an equation,, Popper believes

Gender Is A Social Construct Essay - 1855 Words

In this meme it show a women that looks like your stereotype hippie. She is use to personify the people who believe that â€Å"thinks gender is a social construct with no basis in biology† and â€Å"thinks conservation are science deniers†. The creator use humor to make fun of the people who believe that gender is a social construct and thinks the right wing are the one who science deniers but it is the ones who believe that gender is a social construct are the real science deniers. They are the real science deniers because gender is not a social construct it has basis in biology. The kind of humor style that is use in this is aggressive humor to mock the people that believe the idea that gender is a social construct. The supporters of the idea that gender is a social construct said that gender is taught to us by society and we are socialize into gender roles. I am going to go in details about why the idea that gender is a social construct is a myth by taking a look at gender socialization theory and what the experts who support it said the evident is. The gender socialization theory states that there is a process of learning attitude and social expectation of the sex they are born into. The three supporter of the theory I found are from Norway. Two of the three work at University of Olso and the other one is a columnist in Dagbladen. Joergen Lorenzten is a gender researcher working at the Center of Interdisciplinary Gender Research was ask to help Harald Eia to answer the questionShow MoreRelatedSexuality And Gender : Social Constructs Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesSexuality and Gender are social constructs. They are more like fluid concepts. Both are on spectrums. Why could they be considered controversial topics, more specifically the spectrum? Well, the idea of sexuality being more than just heterosexuality has been challenged by conservative types and others alike for years. They may even deem anything other than heterosexuality as somethi ng abnormal and immoral. For some, it can be quite difficult to understand that sexuality is on a spectrum. EspeciallyRead MoreGender Sexuality As A Social Construct1601 Words   |  7 PagesAlike gender, sexuality is also a social construct, especially when looking at the period before the 18th century, when one’s sexual orientation did not matter, hence there being no need for justification, just as pointed by Foucault: â€Å"Sexual practices had little need of secrecy; words were said without undue reticence, and things were done without too much concealment; one had a tolerant familiarity with the illicit.† (3). And the 19th century came and brought with it a big change, and not onlyRead MoreSocial Construct On Gender Roles Essay2270 Words   |  10 PagesENC 1101 5 December 2016 Social Construct on Gender Roles Social constructs are ideas that are created by societies that are not representations of reality. Usually ideas that are socially constructed are seen as the norm because they have prevailed within societies for several years. These ideas have developed as generations have passed them on and as societies have become more liberal. Social constructs can range from various topics but, in gender roles social constructs have caused a significantRead MorePostmodern Social Construct : Gender Role Issues Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesPostmodern social construct: Gender role issues for men in Television Even though the reappearance of gendered storylines and images in media has helped to shape these cultural standards around what it means to be a man or a woman, Masculinity and femininity are the terms most often used to classify a set of characteristics, values, and significance related to gender. Since Television is the most prevalent form of media, it influences both how we see ourselves and each other in some form or scopeRead MoreThroughout Centuries Gender Has Been A Social Construct1363 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout centuries gender has been a social construct that enforces gender norms and as a result, gender inequality was born. Gender inequality has prevailed and can be observed throughout most cultures, education, labor force, and in our own personal lives. At a very young age we are introduced to a gender identity based upon the sex we were born with. Girls are associated with the color pink, dolls, nurturing tendencies, and inclined to be more emotional. While boys are associated with theRead MoreGender Is A Social Construct Rather Than Of Biological Origin1732 Words   |  7 Pages Gender is a social construct which is regarded as a sociolinguistic variable that affects language use in society. This contributed to characterizing many different aspects of life that were thought to be understood to be of social construct rather than of biological origin. Language as a crucial communication tool, not only reflects the reality of the society, but also has various functions to strengthen and maintain social existence. Males and females use different ways of thinking, processingRead MoreSocial Construction Of Race And Gender1529 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Construction of Race and Gender, Patriarchy and Prejudice and Discrimination in the Society Social construct may be defined as the social mechanism or a category which has been created by the society. It may either be a perception which is created by an individual or an idea which is constructed as a result of the culture. The present society has created a large number of constructs which are not good. In this paper, the discussion will be done on the social construction of raceRead MoreDebating Sex and Gender and After Identity1479 Words   |  6 PagesName: Professor: Course: Date: In Debating Sex and Gender and After Identity, Dr. Warnke presents various arguments that demonstrate how sex, gender, and race are all social constructs. Do you agree or disagree with her argument, and why? Concepts of sex, gender and race in English language have undergone uncountable naturalization and universalities, to a point that they are now considered to have always been present. There are numerous arguments that revolve around the threeRead MoreDebating Sex and Gender and After Identity1486 Words   |  6 PagesName: Professor: Course: Date: In Debating Sex and Gender and After Identity, Dr. Warnke presents various arguments that demonstrate how sex, gender, and race are all social constructs. Do you agree or disagree with her argument, and why? Concepts of sex, gender and race in English language have undergone uncountable naturalization and universalities, to a point that they are now considered to have always been present. There are numerous arguments that revolve around the three conceptsRead MoreSocial Construction of Gender1183 Words   |  5 Pagesexactly is â€Å"Gender† and what a â€Å"Social Construct† means. GENDER In a layman’s language, Gender is simply the distinction between male and female. However, if we look deeper in well, we will notice the gender construction starts with the association of sex category at the time of birth. Sex is the biological distinction between a man and a woman and gender is based on sex. A sex category becomes a gender status through naming, dress and the use of other gender marks

Free Trade Agreements Education

Question: Discuss about theFree Trade Agreementsfor Education. Answer: Introduction Australian trade is a powerful function, which is observable by the huge number of exchange of goods and services with other nations. Australia is the sixth largest countries in the world in area wise and worlds 13th largest economic giants. It is also stood as 9th largest country in world when per capita income is considered. It is one of the richest countries in the with better quality of life and standard of living. It has great ranks in health, education, civil liberalities and economic freedom. Tourism, education, banking industry has been the key businesses of the countrys economic development. Australia has diversified nature that had great dealings and agreement in terms of trading and foreign investments (Freeman Hammer, 2014). The top exports of the country from the present reports says that coal, Iron Ores, Natural gas, gold, beef, aluminum ores, Education-related travel services, crude petroleum, wheat, personal travel services. In recent times, Australia has been involv ed in number of free trade agreements among different nations. One such free trade agreement is trans pacific trade agreement. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), or the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), is a trade agreement between Australia, Canada, Brunei, Japan, Malaysia, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States (until 23 January 2017) and Vietnam. The objective of this trade agreement is to promote economic growth; support the creation and retention of jobs; enhance innovation, productivity and competitiveness; raise living standards; reduce poverty in the signatories' countries; and promote transparency, good governance, and enhanced labor and environmental protections. The objective of this essay is to discuss the controversial nature of free trade agreements like trans pacific. The essay would discuss the advantages and disadvantages of free trade agreements for employees, employers and other stakeholders. Analysis When it comes to Australia, the country has always welcomed the free trade agreements with other nations. Australia is the member country of G20, United Nations, ANZUS, Commonwealth of Nations, world trade organization, Organization of Economic co-operation and development (OECD), Pacific Lands forum and Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation. This membership will entitle the relationship between and among countries of the unions and dealings. Australia has free trade agreements with different countries in world such has China, India, New Zealand, Thailand, United States of America, Countries in Europe, Singapore, Malaysia, Korea, Japan and Indonesia etc., that which are neighboring and have continued relationship with countries for better benefits of people and better place to live. Coming to free trade agreements, Australia is one of the developed countries in the world, which is dealt with many trade relations with many countries. Development of information technology has improved has its trade dealings with other countries. From the latest reports from the Australian government it is noticed that the major exports from the country are Iron ores and concentrates, coal, Natural gas, Education- related transport services, personal travel services (Tourism and business relations), gold, crude petroleum, Beef, Wheat and aluminum ores and concentrates (Naoi Urata, 2013). There were many factors that have affected the international trade of Australia. International Tourism Engagement is one of them. There is a significant increase in international tourism industry in Australia. Australia has signed memorandum of understanding with countries like China and India to boost tourism in the country. Another important thing is the Free Trade Agreements (FTA) to improve the trade in the country. FTAs helped Australia to access crucial markets, to improve its competitive position for its exports, and to reduce import costs for domestic businesses and consumers. Australia recently signed Free trade agreements with China, Japan, Korea, and Trans-Pacific partnership countries have make sure that the Australia maintain their dominance in the global market. Australia is also the member of WTO since its inception and one of the founding members of GATT. It shows the positive approach of the country to promote globalization (Rodriguez Phelps, 2015). Benefits of Free Trade Agreements The benefits of free trade agreements like tarns pacific partnership is observed for different stakeholders. The benefits of free trade agreements for three key stakeholders can be discussed as: Employees: With free trade agreements there is an increase in the number of transactions between the organizations of different countries. For example, with trans pacific partnership, there has been an increase in the trade between Australia and China. Due to an increase in the transaction in the business, the employees of the home country get a chance to work with the organizations of other countries (Thow Snowdon, 2015). For example, trans pacific partnership has been a platform for Chinese people to work with or work for Australian companies. This increases the demand and bargaining power of employees, thereby proving beneficial for employees. Organizations/ Employers: With free trade agreements like trans pacific, organizations get a chance to expand outside the domestic boundaries. For example, the trans pacific agreement has set a platform for Chinese companies to expand in the neighbor countries. The expansion in new markets means new opportunities for organizations, thereby creating positive opportunities for employers. Society at large: With free trade agreements there is a positive impact on the outlook of society and common people. The common people get to learn about the culture of different society as this also helps the people to gain exposure of different cultures (Thow Snowdon, 2015). There is also positive economic growth with free trade agreements that would further help the society at large. Disadvantages/ Risks of Free Trade Agreements The benefits of free trade agreements definitely increase the push towards the free trade agreements. However, it is also important that the governments should also be aware of the disadvantages of free trade agreements (Suriya Gan, 2014). The disadvantages or the risks of free trade agreements for different stakeholders can be discussed as: Disadvantages of FreeTrade Agreements Employees: With free trade agreements there is limited prevention of the domestic workforce and the employees would always be under the threat of job security. With the free trade agreement like trans pacific the dependency of organizations over employees have reduced. Organizations/ Employers: With free trade agreements there are chances of increase in the competitive forces among organizations. With the free trade agreements like trans pacific, the small organizations may find it difficult to survive (Suriya Gan, 2014). Society at large: With free trade agreements like trans pacific, there is a risk for society to get influenced by the culture of other nations. This is the risk that comes along with the free trade agreement at the macro level. Conclusion The above paper discusses the pros and cons of free trade agreements. With the above discussion it can be said that free trade agreements are integral part of international business strategy. The free trade agreement like trans pacific is particularly more important for developed nations like Australia as the emerging and developing nations look forward to developed nations for support. Just like every developed country, the trade is the heart of the economy for Australia. No country can survive with its own in todays competitive markets. One can easily describe the condition of contemporary world as a one big globalized market. The things, which are traded by Australia, include Minerals Fuels, Pharmaceuticals, Processed agriculture, unprocessed agriculture (livestock), unprocessed agriculture (crops), Chemicals related products, Engineering products, Vehicle transport equipment and some confidential items of trade. According to the report of Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade as of 2014, the top ten Export items include Iron ores concentrates, coal, natural gas, education-related travel services, personal travel services, gold, crude petroleum, beef, aluminum ores, and wheat (Friel Ponnamperuma, 2016). Australia has trade relations with different countries in this world. There are free-trade agreements with many countries like china, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand and United States etc. There will be certain treaties and agreements with countries in manner of exports and imports of goods and services. Technology and ICT development has enhanced these properties of trading into another, which began a revolution, and signing of many other trade agreements (Solis Katada, 2015). For reduction of costs, flexibility, security, enhanced service and multi-tasking these trade dealing is important that which improve the position of the country and its diversify nature to other countries. It would be correct to say that the stakeholders involved in free trade agreement should work together to overcome the risks of free trade agreements. The free trade agreements like trans pacific will prove beneficial for stakeholders only when the associating ris ks could be minimized. References Freeman, J.T., Hammer, D. and Thomas, M., 2014. The future prospects of regulating in the interest of public health under the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement: the example of agricultural antibiotic use.NZ Med J,127(1393), pp.126-8. Friel, S., Ponnamperuma, S., Schram, A., Gleeson, D., Kay, A., Thow, A.M. and Labonte, R., 2016. Shaping the discourse: What has the food industry been lobbying for in the Trans Pacific Partnership trade agreement and what are the implications for dietary health?.Critical Public Health,26(5), pp.518-529. Naoi, M. and Urata, S., 2013. Free Trade Agreements and Domestic Politics: The Case of the Trans?Pacific Partnership Agreement.Asian Economic Policy Review,8(2), pp.326-349. Rodriguez, M. and Phelps, J., 2015. Trans-Pacific Partnership: Add conservation to US trade agreement.Nature,523(7561), pp.410-410. Sols, M. and Katada, S.N., 2015. Unlikely Pivotal States in Competitive Free Trade Agreement Diffusion: The Effect of Japan's Trans-Pacific Partnership Participation on Asia-Pacific Regional Integration.New Political Economy,20(2), pp.155-177. Suriya, P., Gan, C., Hu, B. and Cohen, D.A., 2014. The Impacts of the Thailand-Australia Free Trade Agreement and Thailand-New Zealand Closer Economic Partnership on Thai Dairy Import Prices, Journal of GMS Development Studies, Vol. 6, pp. 3753. Thow, A.M., Snowdon, W., Labont, R., Gleeson, D., Stuckler, D., Hattersley, L., Schram, A., Kay, A. and Friel, S., 2015. Will the next generation of preferential trade and investment agreements undermine prevention of noncommunicable diseases? A prospective policy analysis of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement.Health Policy,119(1), pp.88-96.

Wachovia

Abstract The following paper details the controversial merger that occurred between Wachovia and Wells Fargo in October of 2008. The San Francisco based firm Wells Fargo purchased Wachovia Securities, headquartered in South Carolina, for the sum of 15.4 billion, a move that delighted Wachovia’s investors but angered officials at Citigroup, the government backed firm who had all but inked a deal to take over Wachovia at the time that the merger was announced.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Wachovia-Wells Fargo Merger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wachovia-Wells Fargo Merger In October of 2008 Wells Fargo, the wealth management institution headquartered in San Francisco, paid 15.4 billion to purchase Wachovia, the South Carolina based securities firm (Enrich Fitzpatrick 2008). At the time the federal government had been actively brokering a â€Å"shotgun marriage† between the troubled Wachovia a nd the New York based firm Citigroup, when Wells Fargo stepped in with a better offer (Enrich Fitzpatrick 2008). The Citigroup offer included provisions for the federal government to absorb hundreds of billions of dollars in Wachovia’s projected losses, yet the deal held virtually no interest for Wachovia’s investors, who would have been all but wiped out by the Citigroup buy out (Enrich Fitzpatrick 2008). This particular deal stands out in the financial climate of the American recession, as the Wells Fargo Wachovia merger did not rely on any government funding or intervention (Enrich Fitzpatrick 2008). The merger began officially in January 2009. In 2008, Wells Fargo placed 23rd among all underwriting deals reached at the senior level; Wachovia, meanwhile, sat in the 12th spot, according to Phil Smith, Wells Fargo’s official in charge of government and institutional banking (McGee 2010). Once the merger occurred, Wells Fargo jumped into the top 10; according to McGee (2010), Wells Fargo â€Å"ran the books on 378 issues worth $11.2 billion in 2009, ranking ninth as senior manager†¦and [in 2010] it†¦maintained the ninth spot as it senior managed 67 issues worth $2.4 billion† (McGee 2010). Wells Fargo’s main goal following the merger, according to Phil Smith, is â€Å"to expand the investment banking arm so that its footprint is comparable to the commercial business, which is one of the top two in the country†¦Our goal is to make our investment bank as prolific – in other words, to be as good in the investment banking space as we are in the traditional space† (McGee 2010). The merger occurred in a climate of uncertainty in many of the largest brokerage houses and banks in the country. According to Garmhausen (2009), not only have these firms endured staggering losses, but their employees have faced unflattering press and negative â€Å"headlines about their parent companies’ failingsâ₠¬  (Garmhausen 2009).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bad press has forced advisors to â€Å"field client questions about the bad news and the market meltdown. Perhaps toughest of all, advisers have to grapple with the uncertainty of where they stand as the industry consolidates around them† (Garmhausen 2009). Once the merger was in full swing, Wells Fargo had to decide how it would manage the transfer of clients, particularly in the online banking realm. According to Marlin (2009), â€Å"some banks have forced customers to change bank accounts, re-enroll in online banking and set up their bill pay accounts over again,† a risky proposition which can lead to client loss (Marlin 2009). In the current climate, strategically sound banks â€Å"shield customers from the upheavals that can occur when two large organizations come together† (Marlin 2009). Wells Fargo has the option to â€Å"allow customers from the legacy bank to operate in their familiar online banking environment, while deploying software that transforms legacy data into its own formats† (Marlin 2009). The Wells Fargo Wachovia merger remains important as proof positive that there â€Å"is still a market, albeit limited, for private takeovers of these institutions, one that does not place taxpayer dollars at risk† (Enrich Fitzpatrick 2008). References Enrich, D. Fitzpatrick, D. (2008, October 8). Wachovia Chooses Wells Fargo, Spurns Citi. The Wall Street Journal. A1. Garmhausen, S. (2009). Advisors at Top Banks Face Bad Press, Merger Turmoil. American Banker, 174,(129), 8. McGee, P. (2010). Mergers and Acquisitions: Wells Fargo Takes a Big Step toward Merger Milestone. The Bond Buyer, 371(33287), 16.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Wachovia-Wells Fargo Merger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Lear n More Marlin, S. (2009). Integration: Move Customers, but Don’t Herd Them; Wells Fargo and Wachovia are Neck Deep in Post-Merger Integration Planning for their Online Channels. Attrition Levels Hang in the Balance. Bank Technology News, 22(4), 24. This report on Wachovia-Wells Fargo Merger was written and submitted by user Jared Gallagher to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.