An Analysis of Oroonoko by Aphra Behn Essay

Oroonoko is a short work of prose fiction by Aphra Behn (1640–1689), published in 1688, concerning the love of its hero, an enslaved African inSurinam in the 1660s, and the author’s own experiences in the new South American colony. Behn worked for Charles II as a spy during the outset of the Second Dutch War, ending up destitute when she returned to England, and even spending time in a debtors’ prison, because Charles failed to pay her properly, or at all. She turned her hand to writing in order to survive, with remarkable success. She wrote poetry that sold well, and had a number of plays staged, which established her fame in her own lifetime. In the 1670s, only John Dryden had plays staged more often than Behn. She began to write extended narrative prose toward the end of her career. Published less than a year before she died, Oroonoko is one of the earliest English novels. Interest in it has increased since the 1970s, critics arguing that Behn is the foremothe r of British women writers, and that Oroonoko is a crucial text in the history of the novel. Plot summary and analysis Oroonoko: or, the Royal Slave is a relatively short novel concerning the Coromantin grandson of an African king, Prince Oroonoko, who falls in love with Imoinda, the daughter of that king’s top general. â€Å"Coromantee people† were Akan slaves brought from present-day Ghana, a polyglot band known for their rebellious nature. the sacred veil, thus commanding her to become one of his wives, even though she was already married to Oroonoko. After unwillingly spending time in the king’s harem (the Otan), Imoinda and Oroonoko plan a tryst with the help of the sympathetic Onahal and Aboan. They are eventually discovered, and because she has lost her virginity, Imoinda is sold as a slave. The king’s guilt, however, leads him to falsely inform Oroonoko that she has been executed, since death was thought to be better than slavery. Later, after winning another tribal war, Oroonoko is betrayed and captured by an English captain, who planned to sell him and his men as slaves. Both Imoinda and Oroonoko were carried to Surinam, at that time an English colony based on sugarcane plantation in the West Indies. The two lovers are reunited there, under the new Christian names of Caesar and Clemene, even though Imoinda’s beauty has attracted the unwanted desires of other slaves and of the Cornish gentleman, Trefry. Upon Imoinda’s pregnancy, Oroonoko petitions for their return to the homeland. But after being continuously ignored, he organizes a slave revolt. The slaves are hunted down by the military forces and compelled to surrender on deputy governor Byam’s promise of amnesty. Yet, when the slaves surrender, Oroonoko and the others are punished and whipped. To avenge his honor, and to express his natural worth, Oroonoko decides to kill Byam. But to protect Imoinda from violation and subjugation after his death, he decides to kill her. The two lovers discuss the plan, and with a smile on her face, Imoinda willingly dies by his hand. A few days later, Oroonoko is found mourning by her decapitated body and is kept from killing himself, only to be publicly executed. During his death by dismemberment, Oroonoko calmly smokes a pipe and stoically withstands all the pain without crying out. The novel is written in a mixture of first and third person, as the narrator relates actions in Africa and portrays herself as a witness of the actions that take place in Surinam. In the novel, the narrator presents herself as a lady who has come to Surinam with her unnamed father, a man intended to be a new lieutenant-general of the colony. He, however, dies on the voyage from England. The narrator and her family are put up in the finest house in the settlement, in accord with their station, and the narrator’s experiences of meeting the indigenous peoples and slaves are intermixed with the main plot of the love of Oroonoko and Imoinda. At the conclusion of the love story, the narrator leaves Surinam for London. Structurally, there are three significant pieces to the narrative, which does not flow in a strictly biographical manner. The novel opens with a statement of veracity, where the author claims to be writing no fiction and no pedantic history. She claims to be an eyewitness and to be writing without any embellishment or theme, relying solely upon reality. What follows is a description of Surinam itself and the South American Indians there. She regards the locals as simple and living in a golden age (the presence of gold in the land being indicative of the epoch of the people themselves). It is only afterwards that the narrator provides the history of Oroonoko himself and the intrigues of both his grandfather and the slave captain, the captivity of Imoinda, and his own betrayal. The next section is in the narrator’s present; Oroonoko and Imoinda are reunited, and Oroonoko and Imoinda meet the narrator and Trefry. The third section contains Oroonoko’s rebellion and its aftermath. Biographical and historical background Oroonoko is now the most studied of Aphra Behn’s novels, but it was not immediately successful in her own lifetime. It sold well, but the adaptation for the stage by Thomas Southerne (see below) made the story as popular as it became. Soon after her death, the novel began to be read again, and from that time onward the factual claims made by the novel’s narrator, and the factuality of the whole plot of the novel, have been accepted and questioned with greater and lesser credulity. Because Mrs. Behn was not available to correct or confirm any information, early biographers assumed the first-person narrator was Aphra Behn speaking for herself and incorporated the novel’s claims into their accounts of her life. It is important, however, to recognize thatOroonoko is a work of fiction and that its first-person narrator—the protagonist—need be no more factual than Jonathan Swift’s first-person narrator, ostensibly Gulliver, in Gulliver’s Tra vels, Daniel Defoe’s shipwrecked narrator in Robinson Crusoe, or the first-person narrator of A Tale of a Tub. Fact and fiction in the narrator Researchers today cannot say whether or not the narrator of Oroonoko represents Aphra Behn and, if so, tells the truth. Scholars have argued for over a century about whether or not Behn even visited Surinam and, if so, when. On the one hand, the narrator reports that she â€Å"saw† sheep in the colony, when the settlement had to import meat from Virginia, as sheep, in particular, could not survive there. Also, as Ernest Bernbaum argues in â€Å"Mrs. Behn’s ‘Oroonoko'†, everything substantive in Oroonoko could have come from accounts by William Byam and George Warren that were circulating in London in the 1660s. However, as J.A. Ramsaran and Bernard Dhuiq catalog, Behn provides a great deal of precise local color and physical description of the colony. Topographical and culturalverisimilitude were not a criterion for readers of novels and plays in Behn’s day any more than in Thomas Kyd’s, and Behn generally did not bother with attempting to be accurate in her locations in other stories. Her plays have quite indistinct settings, and she rarely spends time with topographical description in her stories.[2] Secondly, all the Europeans mentioned in Oroonoko were really present in Surinam in the 1660s. It is interesting, if the entire account is fictional and based on reportage, that Behn takes no liberties of invention to create European settlers she might need. Finally, the characterization of the real-life people in the novel does follow Behn’s own politics. Behn was a lifelong and militant royalist, and her fictions are quite consistent in portraying virtuous royalists and put-upon nobles who are opposed by petty and evil republicans/Parliamentarians. Had Behn not known the individuals she fictionalizes in Oroonoko, it is extremely unlikely that any of the real royalists would have become fictional villains or any of the real republicans fictional heroes, and yet Byam and James Bannister, both actual royalists in the Interregnum, are malicious, licentious, and sadistic, while George Marten, a Cromwellian republican, is reasonable, open-minded, and fair.[2] On balance, it appear s that Behn truly did travel to Surinam. The fictional narrator, however, cannot be the real Aphra Behn. For one thing, the narrator says that her father was set to become the deputy governor of the colony and died at sea en route. This did not happen to Bartholomew Johnson (Behn’s father), although he did die between 1660 and 1664.[3] There is no indication at all of anyone except William Byam being Deputy Governor of the settlement, and the only major figure to die en route at sea was Francis, Lord Willoughby, the colonial patent holder for Barbados and â€Å"Suriname.† Further, the narrator’s father’s death explains her antipathy toward Byam, for he is her father’s usurper as Deputy Governor of Surinam. This fictionalized father thereby gives the narrator a motive for her unflattering portrait of Byam, a motive that might cover for the real Aphra Behn’s motive in going to Surinam and for the real Behn’s antipathy toward the real Byam. It is also unlikely that Behn went to Surinam with her husband, although she may have met and married in Surinam or on the journey back to England. A socially creditable single woman in good standing would not have gone unaccompanied to Surinam. Therefore, it is most likely that Behn and her family went to the colony in the company of alady. As for her purpose in going, Janet Todd presents a strong case for its being spying. At the time of the events of the novel, the deputy governor Byam had taken absolute control of the settlement and was being opposed not only by the formerly republican Colonel George Marten, but also by royalists within the settlement. Byam’s abilities were suspect, and it is possible that either Lord Willoughby or Charles II would be interested in an investigation of the administration there. Beyond these facts, there is little known. The earliest biographers of Aphra Behn not only accepted the novel’s narrator’s claims as true, but Charles Gildon even invented a romantic liaison between the author and the title character, while the anonymous Memoirs of Aphra Behn, Written by One of the Fair Sex (both 1698) insisted that the author was too young to be romantically available at the time of the novel’s events. Later biographers have contended with these claims, either to prove or deny them. However, it is profitable to look at the novel’s events as part of the observations of an investigator, as illustrations of government, rather than autobiography. Models for Oroonoko There were numerous slave revolts in English colonies led by Coromantin slaves. Oroonoko was described as being from â€Å"Coromantien† and was likely modeled after Coromantin slaves who were known for causing several rebellions in the Caribbean. One figure who matches aspects of Oroonoko is the white John Allin, a settler in Surinam. Allin was disillusioned and miserable in Surinam, and he was taken to alcoholism and wild, lavish blasphemies so shocking that Governor Byam believed that the repetition of them at Allin’s trial cracked the foundation of the courthouse.[4] In the novel, Oroonoko plans to kill Byam and then himself, and this matches a plot that Allin had to kill Lord Willoughby and then commit suicide, for, he said, it was impossible to â€Å"possess my own life, when I cannot enjoy it with freedom and honour†.[5] He wounded Willoughby and was taken to prison, where he killed himself with an overdose. His body was taken to a pillory, â€Å"where a B arbicue was erected; his Members cut off, and flung in his face, they had his Bowels burnt under the Barbicue†¦ his Head to be cut off, and his Body to be quartered, and when dry-barbicued or dry roasted†¦ his Head to be stuck on a pole at Parham (Willoughby’s residence in Surinam), and his Quarters to be put up at the most eminent places of the Colony.†[5] Allin, it must be stressed, was a planter, and neither an indentured nor enslaved worker, and the â€Å"freedom and honour† he sought was independence rather than manumission. Neither was Allin of noble blood, nor was his cause against Willoughby based on love. Therefore, the extent to which he provides a model for Oroonoko is limited more to his crime and punishment than to his plight. However, if Behn left Surinam in 1663, then she could have kept up with matters in the colony by reading the Exact Relation that Willoughby had printed in London in 1666, and seen in the extraordinary execution a barbarity to graft onto her villain, Byam, from the man who might have been her real employer, Willoughby. While Behn was in Surinam (1663), she would have seen a slave ship arrive with 130 â€Å"freight,† 54 having been â€Å"lost† in transit. Although the African slaves were not treated differently from the indentured servants coming from England (and were, in fact, more highly valued), their cases were hopeless, and both slaves, indentured servants, and local inhabitants attacked the settlement. There was no single rebellion, however, that matched what is related in Oroonoko. Further, the character of Oroonoko is physically different from the other slaves by being blacker skinned, having a Roman nose, and having straight hair. The lack of historical record of a mass rebellion, the unlikeliness of the physical description of the character (when Europeans at the time had no clear idea of race or an inheritable set of â€Å"racial† characteristics), and the European courtliness of the character suggests that he is most likely invented wholesale. Additionally, the character’s name is artificial. There are names in the Yoruba language that are similar, but the African slaves of Surinam were from Ghana. Instead of from life, the character seems to come from literature, for his name is reminiscent of Oroondates, a character in La Calprenà ¨de’s Cassandra,which Behn had read.[6] Oroondates is a prince of Scythia whose desired bride is snatched away by an elder king. Previous to this, there is an Oroondates who is the satrap of Memphis in theÆthiopica, a novel from late antiquity by Heliodorus of Emesa. Many of the plot elements in Behn’s novel are reminiscent of those in the Æthiopica and other Greek romances of the period. There is a particular similarity to the story of Juba in La Calprenà ¨de’s romance Clà ©opà ¢tre, who becomes a slave in Rome and is given a Roman name—Coriolanus—by his captors, as Oroonoko is given the Roman name of Caesar.[7] Alternatively, it could be argued that â€Å"Oroonoko† is a homophone for the Orinoco River, along which the English settled, and it is possible to see the character as an allegorical fi gure for the mismanaged territory itself. Oroonoko, and the crisis of values of aristocracy, slavery, and worth he represents to the colonists, is emblematic of the new world and colonization itself: a person like Oroonoko is symptomatic of a place like the Orinoco.

Unit 502 Promote personal development - 4209 Words

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I will do this during in a team meeting, supported housing meeting and also†¦show more content†¦We also encourage provide outside training that is relevant to our employees and ourselves this includes courses such as local authority safeguarding training housing management training stroke awareness, and more, staff can request this or team leaders suggest this. I book all training for staff and ensure they are aware of dates times venue and any other information they may require. Within an induction period shadowing another member of staff is a useful way of learning a new role even if you are experienced at the role every work place has the own policies and procedures to adhere to. Each setting has different expectations from its staff and the service users they support, so this method of training is an effective way of introducing the work ethic and standards of each individual setting. 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Karl Popper And The Scientific Method - 1372 Words

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Gender Is A Social Construct Essay - 1855 Words

In this meme it show a women that looks like your stereotype hippie. She is use to personify the people who believe that â€Å"thinks gender is a social construct with no basis in biology† and â€Å"thinks conservation are science deniers†. The creator use humor to make fun of the people who believe that gender is a social construct and thinks the right wing are the one who science deniers but it is the ones who believe that gender is a social construct are the real science deniers. They are the real science deniers because gender is not a social construct it has basis in biology. The kind of humor style that is use in this is aggressive humor to mock the people that believe the idea that gender is a social construct. The supporters of the idea that gender is a social construct said that gender is taught to us by society and we are socialize into gender roles. I am going to go in details about why the idea that gender is a social construct is a myth by taking a look at gender socialization theory and what the experts who support it said the evident is. The gender socialization theory states that there is a process of learning attitude and social expectation of the sex they are born into. The three supporter of the theory I found are from Norway. Two of the three work at University of Olso and the other one is a columnist in Dagbladen. Joergen Lorenzten is a gender researcher working at the Center of Interdisciplinary Gender Research was ask to help Harald Eia to answer the questionShow MoreRelatedSexuality And Gender : Social Constructs Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesSexuality and Gender are social constructs. They are more like fluid concepts. Both are on spectrums. Why could they be considered controversial topics, more specifically the spectrum? Well, the idea of sexuality being more than just heterosexuality has been challenged by conservative types and others alike for years. They may even deem anything other than heterosexuality as somethi ng abnormal and immoral. For some, it can be quite difficult to understand that sexuality is on a spectrum. EspeciallyRead MoreGender Sexuality As A Social Construct1601 Words   |  7 PagesAlike gender, sexuality is also a social construct, especially when looking at the period before the 18th century, when one’s sexual orientation did not matter, hence there being no need for justification, just as pointed by Foucault: â€Å"Sexual practices had little need of secrecy; words were said without undue reticence, and things were done without too much concealment; one had a tolerant familiarity with the illicit.† (3). And the 19th century came and brought with it a big change, and not onlyRead MoreSocial Construct On Gender Roles Essay2270 Words   |  10 PagesENC 1101 5 December 2016 Social Construct on Gender Roles Social constructs are ideas that are created by societies that are not representations of reality. Usually ideas that are socially constructed are seen as the norm because they have prevailed within societies for several years. These ideas have developed as generations have passed them on and as societies have become more liberal. Social constructs can range from various topics but, in gender roles social constructs have caused a significantRead MorePostmodern Social Construct : Gender Role Issues Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesPostmodern social construct: Gender role issues for men in Television Even though the reappearance of gendered storylines and images in media has helped to shape these cultural standards around what it means to be a man or a woman, Masculinity and femininity are the terms most often used to classify a set of characteristics, values, and significance related to gender. Since Television is the most prevalent form of media, it influences both how we see ourselves and each other in some form or scopeRead MoreThroughout Centuries Gender Has Been A Social Construct1363 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout centuries gender has been a social construct that enforces gender norms and as a result, gender inequality was born. Gender inequality has prevailed and can be observed throughout most cultures, education, labor force, and in our own personal lives. At a very young age we are introduced to a gender identity based upon the sex we were born with. Girls are associated with the color pink, dolls, nurturing tendencies, and inclined to be more emotional. While boys are associated with theRead MoreGender Is A Social Construct Rather Than Of Biological Origin1732 Words   |  7 Pages Gender is a social construct which is regarded as a sociolinguistic variable that affects language use in society. This contributed to characterizing many different aspects of life that were thought to be understood to be of social construct rather than of biological origin. Language as a crucial communication tool, not only reflects the reality of the society, but also has various functions to strengthen and maintain social existence. Males and females use different ways of thinking, processingRead MoreSocial Construction Of Race And Gender1529 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Construction of Race and Gender, Patriarchy and Prejudice and Discrimination in the Society Social construct may be defined as the social mechanism or a category which has been created by the society. It may either be a perception which is created by an individual or an idea which is constructed as a result of the culture. The present society has created a large number of constructs which are not good. In this paper, the discussion will be done on the social construction of raceRead MoreDebating Sex and Gender and After Identity1479 Words   |  6 PagesName: Professor: Course: Date: In Debating Sex and Gender and After Identity, Dr. Warnke presents various arguments that demonstrate how sex, gender, and race are all social constructs. Do you agree or disagree with her argument, and why? Concepts of sex, gender and race in English language have undergone uncountable naturalization and universalities, to a point that they are now considered to have always been present. There are numerous arguments that revolve around the threeRead MoreDebating Sex and Gender and After Identity1486 Words   |  6 PagesName: Professor: Course: Date: In Debating Sex and Gender and After Identity, Dr. Warnke presents various arguments that demonstrate how sex, gender, and race are all social constructs. Do you agree or disagree with her argument, and why? Concepts of sex, gender and race in English language have undergone uncountable naturalization and universalities, to a point that they are now considered to have always been present. There are numerous arguments that revolve around the three conceptsRead MoreSocial Construction of Gender1183 Words   |  5 Pagesexactly is â€Å"Gender† and what a â€Å"Social Construct† means. GENDER In a layman’s language, Gender is simply the distinction between male and female. However, if we look deeper in well, we will notice the gender construction starts with the association of sex category at the time of birth. Sex is the biological distinction between a man and a woman and gender is based on sex. A sex category becomes a gender status through naming, dress and the use of other gender marks

Free Trade Agreements Education

Question: Discuss about theFree Trade Agreementsfor Education. Answer: Introduction Australian trade is a powerful function, which is observable by the huge number of exchange of goods and services with other nations. Australia is the sixth largest countries in the world in area wise and worlds 13th largest economic giants. It is also stood as 9th largest country in world when per capita income is considered. It is one of the richest countries in the with better quality of life and standard of living. It has great ranks in health, education, civil liberalities and economic freedom. Tourism, education, banking industry has been the key businesses of the countrys economic development. Australia has diversified nature that had great dealings and agreement in terms of trading and foreign investments (Freeman Hammer, 2014). The top exports of the country from the present reports says that coal, Iron Ores, Natural gas, gold, beef, aluminum ores, Education-related travel services, crude petroleum, wheat, personal travel services. In recent times, Australia has been involv ed in number of free trade agreements among different nations. One such free trade agreement is trans pacific trade agreement. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), or the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), is a trade agreement between Australia, Canada, Brunei, Japan, Malaysia, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States (until 23 January 2017) and Vietnam. The objective of this trade agreement is to promote economic growth; support the creation and retention of jobs; enhance innovation, productivity and competitiveness; raise living standards; reduce poverty in the signatories' countries; and promote transparency, good governance, and enhanced labor and environmental protections. The objective of this essay is to discuss the controversial nature of free trade agreements like trans pacific. The essay would discuss the advantages and disadvantages of free trade agreements for employees, employers and other stakeholders. Analysis When it comes to Australia, the country has always welcomed the free trade agreements with other nations. Australia is the member country of G20, United Nations, ANZUS, Commonwealth of Nations, world trade organization, Organization of Economic co-operation and development (OECD), Pacific Lands forum and Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation. This membership will entitle the relationship between and among countries of the unions and dealings. Australia has free trade agreements with different countries in world such has China, India, New Zealand, Thailand, United States of America, Countries in Europe, Singapore, Malaysia, Korea, Japan and Indonesia etc., that which are neighboring and have continued relationship with countries for better benefits of people and better place to live. Coming to free trade agreements, Australia is one of the developed countries in the world, which is dealt with many trade relations with many countries. Development of information technology has improved has its trade dealings with other countries. From the latest reports from the Australian government it is noticed that the major exports from the country are Iron ores and concentrates, coal, Natural gas, Education- related transport services, personal travel services (Tourism and business relations), gold, crude petroleum, Beef, Wheat and aluminum ores and concentrates (Naoi Urata, 2013). There were many factors that have affected the international trade of Australia. International Tourism Engagement is one of them. There is a significant increase in international tourism industry in Australia. Australia has signed memorandum of understanding with countries like China and India to boost tourism in the country. Another important thing is the Free Trade Agreements (FTA) to improve the trade in the country. FTAs helped Australia to access crucial markets, to improve its competitive position for its exports, and to reduce import costs for domestic businesses and consumers. Australia recently signed Free trade agreements with China, Japan, Korea, and Trans-Pacific partnership countries have make sure that the Australia maintain their dominance in the global market. Australia is also the member of WTO since its inception and one of the founding members of GATT. It shows the positive approach of the country to promote globalization (Rodriguez Phelps, 2015). Benefits of Free Trade Agreements The benefits of free trade agreements like tarns pacific partnership is observed for different stakeholders. The benefits of free trade agreements for three key stakeholders can be discussed as: Employees: With free trade agreements there is an increase in the number of transactions between the organizations of different countries. For example, with trans pacific partnership, there has been an increase in the trade between Australia and China. Due to an increase in the transaction in the business, the employees of the home country get a chance to work with the organizations of other countries (Thow Snowdon, 2015). For example, trans pacific partnership has been a platform for Chinese people to work with or work for Australian companies. This increases the demand and bargaining power of employees, thereby proving beneficial for employees. Organizations/ Employers: With free trade agreements like trans pacific, organizations get a chance to expand outside the domestic boundaries. For example, the trans pacific agreement has set a platform for Chinese companies to expand in the neighbor countries. The expansion in new markets means new opportunities for organizations, thereby creating positive opportunities for employers. Society at large: With free trade agreements there is a positive impact on the outlook of society and common people. The common people get to learn about the culture of different society as this also helps the people to gain exposure of different cultures (Thow Snowdon, 2015). There is also positive economic growth with free trade agreements that would further help the society at large. Disadvantages/ Risks of Free Trade Agreements The benefits of free trade agreements definitely increase the push towards the free trade agreements. However, it is also important that the governments should also be aware of the disadvantages of free trade agreements (Suriya Gan, 2014). The disadvantages or the risks of free trade agreements for different stakeholders can be discussed as: Disadvantages of FreeTrade Agreements Employees: With free trade agreements there is limited prevention of the domestic workforce and the employees would always be under the threat of job security. With the free trade agreement like trans pacific the dependency of organizations over employees have reduced. Organizations/ Employers: With free trade agreements there are chances of increase in the competitive forces among organizations. With the free trade agreements like trans pacific, the small organizations may find it difficult to survive (Suriya Gan, 2014). Society at large: With free trade agreements like trans pacific, there is a risk for society to get influenced by the culture of other nations. This is the risk that comes along with the free trade agreement at the macro level. Conclusion The above paper discusses the pros and cons of free trade agreements. With the above discussion it can be said that free trade agreements are integral part of international business strategy. The free trade agreement like trans pacific is particularly more important for developed nations like Australia as the emerging and developing nations look forward to developed nations for support. Just like every developed country, the trade is the heart of the economy for Australia. No country can survive with its own in todays competitive markets. One can easily describe the condition of contemporary world as a one big globalized market. The things, which are traded by Australia, include Minerals Fuels, Pharmaceuticals, Processed agriculture, unprocessed agriculture (livestock), unprocessed agriculture (crops), Chemicals related products, Engineering products, Vehicle transport equipment and some confidential items of trade. According to the report of Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade as of 2014, the top ten Export items include Iron ores concentrates, coal, natural gas, education-related travel services, personal travel services, gold, crude petroleum, beef, aluminum ores, and wheat (Friel Ponnamperuma, 2016). Australia has trade relations with different countries in this world. There are free-trade agreements with many countries like china, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand and United States etc. There will be certain treaties and agreements with countries in manner of exports and imports of goods and services. Technology and ICT development has enhanced these properties of trading into another, which began a revolution, and signing of many other trade agreements (Solis Katada, 2015). For reduction of costs, flexibility, security, enhanced service and multi-tasking these trade dealing is important that which improve the position of the country and its diversify nature to other countries. It would be correct to say that the stakeholders involved in free trade agreement should work together to overcome the risks of free trade agreements. The free trade agreements like trans pacific will prove beneficial for stakeholders only when the associating ris ks could be minimized. References Freeman, J.T., Hammer, D. and Thomas, M., 2014. The future prospects of regulating in the interest of public health under the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement: the example of agricultural antibiotic use.NZ Med J,127(1393), pp.126-8. Friel, S., Ponnamperuma, S., Schram, A., Gleeson, D., Kay, A., Thow, A.M. and Labonte, R., 2016. Shaping the discourse: What has the food industry been lobbying for in the Trans Pacific Partnership trade agreement and what are the implications for dietary health?.Critical Public Health,26(5), pp.518-529. Naoi, M. and Urata, S., 2013. Free Trade Agreements and Domestic Politics: The Case of the Trans?Pacific Partnership Agreement.Asian Economic Policy Review,8(2), pp.326-349. Rodriguez, M. and Phelps, J., 2015. Trans-Pacific Partnership: Add conservation to US trade agreement.Nature,523(7561), pp.410-410. Sols, M. and Katada, S.N., 2015. Unlikely Pivotal States in Competitive Free Trade Agreement Diffusion: The Effect of Japan's Trans-Pacific Partnership Participation on Asia-Pacific Regional Integration.New Political Economy,20(2), pp.155-177. Suriya, P., Gan, C., Hu, B. and Cohen, D.A., 2014. The Impacts of the Thailand-Australia Free Trade Agreement and Thailand-New Zealand Closer Economic Partnership on Thai Dairy Import Prices, Journal of GMS Development Studies, Vol. 6, pp. 3753. Thow, A.M., Snowdon, W., Labont, R., Gleeson, D., Stuckler, D., Hattersley, L., Schram, A., Kay, A. and Friel, S., 2015. Will the next generation of preferential trade and investment agreements undermine prevention of noncommunicable diseases? A prospective policy analysis of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement.Health Policy,119(1), pp.88-96.

Wachovia

Abstract The following paper details the controversial merger that occurred between Wachovia and Wells Fargo in October of 2008. The San Francisco based firm Wells Fargo purchased Wachovia Securities, headquartered in South Carolina, for the sum of 15.4 billion, a move that delighted Wachovia’s investors but angered officials at Citigroup, the government backed firm who had all but inked a deal to take over Wachovia at the time that the merger was announced.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Wachovia-Wells Fargo Merger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wachovia-Wells Fargo Merger In October of 2008 Wells Fargo, the wealth management institution headquartered in San Francisco, paid 15.4 billion to purchase Wachovia, the South Carolina based securities firm (Enrich Fitzpatrick 2008). At the time the federal government had been actively brokering a â€Å"shotgun marriage† between the troubled Wachovia a nd the New York based firm Citigroup, when Wells Fargo stepped in with a better offer (Enrich Fitzpatrick 2008). The Citigroup offer included provisions for the federal government to absorb hundreds of billions of dollars in Wachovia’s projected losses, yet the deal held virtually no interest for Wachovia’s investors, who would have been all but wiped out by the Citigroup buy out (Enrich Fitzpatrick 2008). This particular deal stands out in the financial climate of the American recession, as the Wells Fargo Wachovia merger did not rely on any government funding or intervention (Enrich Fitzpatrick 2008). The merger began officially in January 2009. In 2008, Wells Fargo placed 23rd among all underwriting deals reached at the senior level; Wachovia, meanwhile, sat in the 12th spot, according to Phil Smith, Wells Fargo’s official in charge of government and institutional banking (McGee 2010). Once the merger occurred, Wells Fargo jumped into the top 10; according to McGee (2010), Wells Fargo â€Å"ran the books on 378 issues worth $11.2 billion in 2009, ranking ninth as senior manager†¦and [in 2010] it†¦maintained the ninth spot as it senior managed 67 issues worth $2.4 billion† (McGee 2010). Wells Fargo’s main goal following the merger, according to Phil Smith, is â€Å"to expand the investment banking arm so that its footprint is comparable to the commercial business, which is one of the top two in the country†¦Our goal is to make our investment bank as prolific – in other words, to be as good in the investment banking space as we are in the traditional space† (McGee 2010). The merger occurred in a climate of uncertainty in many of the largest brokerage houses and banks in the country. According to Garmhausen (2009), not only have these firms endured staggering losses, but their employees have faced unflattering press and negative â€Å"headlines about their parent companies’ failingsâ₠¬  (Garmhausen 2009).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bad press has forced advisors to â€Å"field client questions about the bad news and the market meltdown. Perhaps toughest of all, advisers have to grapple with the uncertainty of where they stand as the industry consolidates around them† (Garmhausen 2009). Once the merger was in full swing, Wells Fargo had to decide how it would manage the transfer of clients, particularly in the online banking realm. According to Marlin (2009), â€Å"some banks have forced customers to change bank accounts, re-enroll in online banking and set up their bill pay accounts over again,† a risky proposition which can lead to client loss (Marlin 2009). In the current climate, strategically sound banks â€Å"shield customers from the upheavals that can occur when two large organizations come together† (Marlin 2009). Wells Fargo has the option to â€Å"allow customers from the legacy bank to operate in their familiar online banking environment, while deploying software that transforms legacy data into its own formats† (Marlin 2009). The Wells Fargo Wachovia merger remains important as proof positive that there â€Å"is still a market, albeit limited, for private takeovers of these institutions, one that does not place taxpayer dollars at risk† (Enrich Fitzpatrick 2008). References Enrich, D. Fitzpatrick, D. (2008, October 8). Wachovia Chooses Wells Fargo, Spurns Citi. The Wall Street Journal. A1. Garmhausen, S. (2009). Advisors at Top Banks Face Bad Press, Merger Turmoil. American Banker, 174,(129), 8. McGee, P. (2010). Mergers and Acquisitions: Wells Fargo Takes a Big Step toward Merger Milestone. The Bond Buyer, 371(33287), 16.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Wachovia-Wells Fargo Merger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Lear n More Marlin, S. (2009). Integration: Move Customers, but Don’t Herd Them; Wells Fargo and Wachovia are Neck Deep in Post-Merger Integration Planning for their Online Channels. Attrition Levels Hang in the Balance. Bank Technology News, 22(4), 24. This report on Wachovia-Wells Fargo Merger was written and submitted by user Jared Gallagher to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Native Son

Richard Wright’s Native Son Set in the 1930’s Native Son, by Richard Wright, is a powerful novel that has meaning today. It is an unsparing reflection of the poverty and feelings of hopelessness of African Americans. It gives a visualization of what it meant then and what it means today to be black in America. Never has their been a book that so clearly accounted for the African American feelings toward white people. The hate and fear that brewed inside of African Americans was unbelievably strong, yet very appropriate. Native Son captures readers and gives and in-depth view to the feelings of people at this time and their reactions to the conflict between people of different backgrounds and different beliefs. The violence depicted in Native Son, although quite grotesque, is necessary to deliver the full meaning that Richard Wright wishes to convey to his readers. The main character Bigger Thomas, a black man, has been robbed of his dignity, his pride, and his identity. He lashes out in fear. A fear that furthers his self-destruction while giving him an identity separate than that of other black people. Three subparts to Native Son shows the transformation of Bigger’s fear into something that gave him a sense of individuality. He struggles to lose this fear and claim his sense of self. Fate, part one of Native Son, tells the reader about Bigger Thomas. Despite the loathsome qualities of Bigger, he represents the victimization of black people. Bigger struggles with his fear on a daily basis. The anger expressed by Bigger is nothing but an outlet for his fear. The first representation of how Bigger’s fear will play a role in his death comes into play during the first few pages of the book. It is while killing a rat The rat’s belly pulsed with fear. Bigger advanced a step and the rat emitted a long thin song of defiance, its black beady eyes glittering, its tiny forefeet pawing the air... Free Essays on Native Son Free Essays on Native Son Richard Wright’s Native Son Set in the 1930’s Native Son, by Richard Wright, is a powerful novel that has meaning today. It is an unsparing reflection of the poverty and feelings of hopelessness of African Americans. It gives a visualization of what it meant then and what it means today to be black in America. Never has their been a book that so clearly accounted for the African American feelings toward white people. The hate and fear that brewed inside of African Americans was unbelievably strong, yet very appropriate. Native Son captures readers and gives and in-depth view to the feelings of people at this time and their reactions to the conflict between people of different backgrounds and different beliefs. The violence depicted in Native Son, although quite grotesque, is necessary to deliver the full meaning that Richard Wright wishes to convey to his readers. The main character Bigger Thomas, a black man, has been robbed of his dignity, his pride, and his identity. He lashes out in fear. A fear that furthers his self-destruction while giving him an identity separate than that of other black people. Three subparts to Native Son shows the transformation of Bigger’s fear into something that gave him a sense of individuality. He struggles to lose this fear and claim his sense of self. Fate, part one of Native Son, tells the reader about Bigger Thomas. Despite the loathsome qualities of Bigger, he represents the victimization of black people. Bigger struggles with his fear on a daily basis. The anger expressed by Bigger is nothing but an outlet for his fear. The first representation of how Bigger’s fear will play a role in his death comes into play during the first few pages of the book. It is while killing a rat The rat’s belly pulsed with fear. Bigger advanced a step and the rat emitted a long thin song of defiance, its black beady eyes glittering, its tiny forefeet pawing the air... Free Essays on Native Son In Richard Wright’s novel, Native Son, Bigger Thomas could possibly be classified as guilty but mentally ill by today’s standards. Stress, anxiety, and aggression in Thomas’ social and romantic relationships, living conditions, family life, and childhood and adolescent experiences are all factors. The older basis for pleading insanity requires the person to be â€Å"so severely disturbed at the time of his act that he did not know what he was doing, or if he did know what he was doing, did not know that it was wrong†. Some states have also added â€Å"irresistible impulse†, which states that â€Å"some mentally ill individuals may respond correctly when asked if a particular act is morally right or wrong but may be unable to control their behavior† (Atkinson et al. 632-633). Although standards have changed a bit, the idea behind the insanity plea remains the same. In the 1970’s, not all, but most state and federal courts adopted a new legal definition proposed by the American Law Institute (ALI) stating, â€Å"A person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct, as a result of mental disease or defect, he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.† The ALI uses words like â€Å"substantial† to suggest that â€Å"any incapacity is not enough to avoid criminal responsibility but that total incapacity is not required either,† and the word â€Å"appreciate† rather than â€Å"know† suggests that â€Å"intellectual awareness of right or wrong is not enough; individuals must have some understanding of the moral or legal consequences of their behavior before they can be held criminally responsible † (Atkinson et al. 632-633). Guilty but mentally ill is one more option. A verdict of guilty but mentally ill is found â€Å"when a defendant is found to have a substantial disorder of thought of mood that afflicted him at the ...